If you want to find out which SQL queries psql uses, start it with the --echo-hidden parameter, then run the psql command you are interested in, and it will show the query on the console:
$ psql --echo-hidden
psql (11.4)
Type "help" for help.
postgres> \dew
********* QUERY **********
SELECT fdw.fdwname AS "Name",
pg_catalog.pg_get_userbyid(fdw.fdwowner) AS "Owner",
fdw.fdwhandler::pg_catalog.regproc AS "Handler",
fdw.fdwvalidator::pg_catalog.regproc AS "Validator"
FROM pg_catalog.pg_foreign_data_wrapper fdw
ORDER BY 1;
**************************
List of foreign-data wrappers
Name | Owner | Handler | Validator
------+-------+---------+-----------
(0 rows)
This works for all internal commands that show information from the system catalogs.