This post provides an in-depth look at the VBA array which is a very important part of the Excel VBA programming language. It covers everything you need to know about the VBA array.

We will start by seeing what exactly is the VBA Array is and why you need it.

Below you will see a quick reference guide to using the VBA Array.  Refer to it anytime you need a quick reminder of the VBA Array syntax.

The rest of the post provides the most complete guide you will find on the VBA array.

 

Related Links for the VBA Array

Loops are used for reading through the VBA Array:
For Loop
For Each Loop

Other data structures in VBA:
VBA Collection – Good when you want to keep inserting items as it automatically resizes.
VBA Dictionary – Allows storing a Key\Value pair. Very useful in many applications.

The Microsoft guide for VBA Arrays can be found here.

 

A Quick Guide to the VBA Array

Task	Static Array	Dynamic Array
Declare	Dim arr(0 To 5) As Long	Dim arr() As Long Dim arr As Variant
Set Size	See Declare above	ReDim arr(0 To 5)As Variant
Get Size(number of items)	See ArraySize function below.	See ArraySize function below.
Increase size (keep existing data)	Dynamic Only	ReDim Preserve arr(0 To 6)
Set values	arr(1) = 22	arr(1) = 22
Receive values	total = arr(1)	total = arr(1)
First position	LBound(arr)	LBound(arr)
Last position	Ubound(arr)	Ubound(arr)
Read all items(1D)	For i = LBound(arr) To UBound(arr) Next i Or For i = LBound(arr,1) To UBound(arr,1) Next i	For i = LBound(arr) To UBound(arr) Next i Or For i = LBound(arr,1) To UBound(arr,1) Next i
Read all items(2D)	For i = LBound(arr,1) To UBound(arr,1)   For j = LBound(arr,2) To UBound(arr,2)   Next j Next i	For i = LBound(arr,1) To UBound(arr,1)   For j = LBound(arr,2) To UBound(arr,2)   Next j Next i
Read all items	Dim item As Variant For Each item In arr Next item	Dim item As Variant For Each item In arr Next item
Pass to Sub	Sub MySub(ByRef arr() As String)	Sub MySub(ByRef arr() As String)
Return from Function	Function GetArray() As Long()     Dim arr(0 To 5) As Long     GetArray = arr End Function	Function GetArray() As Long()     Dim arr() As Long     GetArray = arr End Function
Receive from Function	Dynamic only	Dim arr() As Long Arr = GetArray()
Erase array	Erase arr *Resets all values to default	Erase arr *Deletes array
String to array	Dynamic only	Dim arr As Variant arr = Split("James:Earl:Jones",":")
Array to string	Dim sName As String sName = Join(arr, ":")	Dim sName As String sName = Join(arr, ":")
Fill with values	Dynamic only	Dim arr As Variant arr = Array("John", "Hazel", "Fred")
Range to Array	Dynamic only	Dim arr As Variant arr = Range("A1:D2")
Array to Range	Same as dynamic	Dim arr As Variant Range("A5:D6") = arr

 

Download the Source Code and Data

Please click on the button below to get the fully documented source code for this article.

 

What is the VBA Array and Why do You Need It?

A VBA array is a type of variable. It is used to store lists of data of the same type. An example would be storing a list of countries or a list of weekly totals.

In VBA a normal variable can store only one value at a time.

In the following example we use a variable to store the marks of a student:

' Can only store 1 value at a time
Dim Student1 As Long
Student1 = 55

 

If we wish to store the marks of another student then we need to create a second variable.

In the following example, we have the marks of five students:

 

We are going to read these marks and write them to the Immediate Window.

Note: The function Debug.Print writes values to the Immediate  Window. To view this window select View->Immediate Window from the menu( Shortcut is Ctrl + G)

 

 

As you can see in the following example we are writing the same code five times – once for each student:

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Public Sub StudentMarks()

    ' Get the worksheet called "Marks"
    Dim sh As Worksheet
    Set sh = ThisWorkbook.Worksheets("Marks")
    
    ' Declare variable for each student
    Dim Student1 As Long
    Dim Student2 As Long
    Dim Student3 As Long
    Dim Student4 As Long
    Dim Student5 As Long

    ' Read student marks from cell
    Student1 = sh.Range("C" & 3).Value
    Student2 = sh.Range("C" & 4).Value
    Student3 = sh.Range("C" & 5).Value
    Student4 = sh.Range("C" & 6).Value
    Student5 = sh.Range("C" & 7).Value

    ' Print student marks
    Debug.Print "Students Marks"
    Debug.Print Student1
    Debug.Print Student2
    Debug.Print Student3
    Debug.Print Student4
    Debug.Print Student5

End Sub

 

The following is the output from the example:

 

The problem with using one variable per student is that you need to add code for each student. Therefore if you had a thousand students in the above example you would need three thousand lines of code!

Luckily we have arrays to make our life easier. Arrays allow us to store a list of data items in one structure.

The following code shows the above student example using an array:

' ExcelMacroMastery.com
' https://excelmacromastery.com/excel-vba-array/
' Author: Paul Kelly
' Description: Reads marks to an Array and write
' the array to the Immediate Window(Ctrl + G)
' TO RUN: Click in the sub and press F5
Public Sub StudentMarksArr()

    ' Get the worksheet called "Marks"
    Dim sh As Worksheet
    Set sh = ThisWorkbook.Worksheets("Marks")

    ' Declare an array to hold marks for 5 students
    Dim Students(1 To 5) As Long

    ' Read student marks from cells C3:C7 into array
    ' Offset counts rows from cell C2.
    ' e.g. i=1 is C2 plus 1 row which is C3
    '      i=2 is C2 plus 2 rows which is C4
    Dim i As Long
    For i = 1 To 5
        Students(i) = sh.Range("C2").Offset(i).Value
    Next i

    ' Print student marks from the array to the Immediate Window
    Debug.Print "Students Marks"
    For i = LBound(Students) To UBound(Students)
        Debug.Print Students(i)
    Next i

End Sub

 

The advantage of this code is that it will work for any number of students. If we have to change this code to deal with 1000 students we only need to change the (1 To 5) to (1 To 1000) in the declaration. In the prior example we would need to add approximately five thousand lines of code.

Let’s have a quick comparison of variables and arrays. First we compare the declaration:

        ' Variable
        Dim Student As Long
        Dim Country As String

        ' Array
        Dim Students(1 To 3) As Long
        Dim Countries(1 To 3) As String

 

Next we compare assigning a value:

        ' assign value to variable
        Student1 = .Cells(1, 1) 

        ' assign value to first item in array
        Students(1) = .Cells(1, 1)

 

Finally we look at writing the values:

        ' Print variable value
        Debug.Print Student1

        ' Print value of first student in array
        Debug.Print Students(1)

As you can see, using variables and arrays is quite similar.

The fact that arrays use an index(also called a subscript) to access each item is important. It means we can easily access all the items in an array using a For Loop.

Now that you have some background on why arrays are useful let’s go through them step by step.

 

Two Types of VBA Arrays

There are two types of VBA arrays:

1. Static – an array of fixed length.
2. Dynamic(not to be confused with the Excel Dynamic Array) – an array where the length is set at run time.

The difference between these types is mostly in how they are created. Accessing values in both array types is exactly the same. In the following sections we will cover both of these types.

 

VBA Array Initialization

A static array is initialized as follows:

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Public Sub DecArrayStatic()

    ' Create array with locations 0,1,2,3
    Dim arrMarks1(0 To 3) As Long

    ' Defaults as 0 to 3 i.e. locations 0,1,2,3
    Dim arrMarks2(3) As Long

    ' Create array with locations 1,2,3,4,5
    Dim arrMarks3(1 To 5) As Long

    ' Create array with locations 2,3,4 ' This is rarely used
    Dim arrMarks4(2 To 4) As Long

End Sub

 

 

As you can see the length is specified when you declare a static array. The problem with this is that you can never be sure in advance the length you need. Each time you run the Macro you may have different length requirements.

If you do not use all the array locations then the resources are being wasted. So if you need more locations you can use ReDim but this is essentially creating a new static array.

The dynamic array does not have such problems. You do not specify the length when you declare it. Therefore you can then grow and shrink as required:

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Public Sub DecArrayDynamic()

    ' Declare  dynamic array
    Dim arrMarks() As Long

    ' Set the length of the array when you are ready
    ReDim arrMarks(0 To 5)

End Sub

The dynamic array is not allocated until you use the ReDim statement. The advantage is you can wait until you know the number of items before setting the array length. With a static array you have to state the length upfront.

To give an example. Imagine you were reading worksheets of student marks. With a dynamic array you can count the students on the worksheet and set an array to that length. With a static array you must set the length to the largest possible number of students.

 

Assigning Values to VBA Array

To assign values to an array you use the number of the location. You assign the value for both array types the same way:

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Public Sub AssignValue()

    ' Declare  array with locations 0,1,2,3
    Dim arrMarks(0 To 3) As Long

    ' Set the value of position 0
    arrMarks(0) = 5

    ' Set the value of position 3
    arrMarks(3) = 46

    ' This is an error as there is no location 4
    arrMarks(4) = 99

End Sub

 

The number of the location is called the subscript or index. The last line in the example will give a “Subscript out of Range” error as there is no location 4 in the array example.

 

VBA Array Length

There is no native function for getting the number of items in an array. I created the ArrayLength function below to return the number of items in any array no matter how many dimensions:

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Function ArrayLength(arr As Variant) As Long

    On Error Goto eh
    
    ' Loop is used for multidimensional arrays. The Loop will terminate when a
    ' "Subscript out of Range" error occurs i.e. there are no more dimensions.
    Dim i As Long, length As Long
    length = 1
    
    ' Loop until no more dimensions
    Do While True
        i = i + 1
        ' If the array has no items then this line will throw an error
        Length = Length * (UBound(arr, i) - LBound(arr, i) + 1)
        ' Set ArrayLength here to avoid returing 1 for an empty array
        ArrayLength = Length
    Loop

Done:
    Exit Function
eh:
    If Err.Number = 13 Then ' Type Mismatch Error
        Err.Raise vbObjectError, "ArrayLength" _
            , "The argument passed to the ArrayLength function is not an array."
    End If
End Function

 

You can use it like this:

' Name: TEST_ArrayLength
' Author: Paul Kelly, ExcelMacroMastery.com
' Description: Tests the ArrayLength functions and writes
'              the results to the Immediate Window(Ctrl + G)
Sub TEST_ArrayLength()
    
    ' 0 items
    Dim arr1() As Long
    Debug.Print ArrayLength(arr1)
    
    ' 10 items
    Dim arr2(0 To 9) As Long
    Debug.Print ArrayLength(arr2)
    
    ' 18 items
    Dim arr3(0 To 5, 1 To 3) As Long
    Debug.Print ArrayLength(arr3)
    
    ' Option base 0: 144 items
    ' Option base 1: 50 items
    Dim arr4(1, 5, 5, 0 To 1) As Long
    Debug.Print ArrayLength(arr4)
    
End Sub

 

Using the Array and Split function

You can use the Array function to populate an array with a list of items. You must declare the array as a type Variant. The following code shows you how to use this function.

    Dim arr1 As Variant
    arr1 = Array("Orange", "Peach","Pear")

    Dim arr2 As Variant
    arr2 = Array(5, 6, 7, 8, 12)

 

 

The array created by the Array Function will start at index zero unless you use Option Base 1 at the top of your module. Then it will start at index one. In programming, it is generally considered poor practice to have your actual data in the code. However, sometimes it is useful when you need to test some code quickly.

 

The Split function is used to split a string into an array based on a delimiter. A delimiter is a character such as a comma or space that separates the items.

The following code will split the string into an array of four elements:

    Dim s As String
    s = "Red,Yellow,Green,Blue"

    Dim arr() As String
    arr = Split(s, ",")

 

 

The Split function is normally used when you read from a comma-separated file or another source that provides a list of items separated by the same character.

 

Using Loops With the VBA Array

Using a For Loop allows quick access to all items in an array. This is where the power of using arrays becomes apparent. We can read arrays with ten values or ten thousand values using the same few lines of code. There are two functions in VBA called LBound and UBound. These functions return the smallest and largest subscript in an array. In an array arrMarks(0 to 3) the LBound will return 0 and UBound will return 3.

The following example assigns random numbers to an array using a loop. It then prints out these numbers using a second loop.

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Public Sub ArrayLoops()

    ' Declare  array
    Dim arrMarks(0 To 5) As Long

    ' Fill the array with random numbers
    Dim i As Long
    For i = LBound(arrMarks) To UBound(arrMarks)
        arrMarks(i) = 5 * Rnd
    Next i

    ' Print out the values in the array
    Debug.Print "Location", "Value"
    For i = LBound(arrMarks) To UBound(arrMarks)
        Debug.Print i, arrMarks(i)
    Next i

End Sub

The functions LBound and UBound are very useful. Using them means our loops will work correctly with any array length. The real benefit is that if the length of the array changes we do not have to change the code for printing the values. A loop will work for an array of any length as long as you use these functions.

 

Using the For Each Loop with the VBA Array

You can use the For Each loop with arrays. The important thing to keep in mind is that it is Read-Only. This means that you cannot change the value in the array.

In the following code the value of mark changes but it does not change the value in the array.

    For Each mark In arrMarks
        ' Will not change the array value
        mark = 5 * Rnd
    Next mark

The For Each is loop is fine to use for reading an array. It is neater to write especially for a Two-Dimensional array as we will see.

    Dim mark As Variant
    For Each mark In arrMarks
        Debug.Print mark
    Next mark

 

Using Erase with the VBA Array

The Erase function can be used on arrays but performs differently depending on the array type.

For a static Array the Erase function resets all the values to the default. If the array is made up of long integers(i.e type Long) then all the values are set to zero. If the array is of strings then all the strings are set to “” and so on.

For a Dynamic Array the Erase function DeAllocates memory. That is, it deletes the array. If you want to use it again you must use ReDim to Allocate memory.

Let’s have a look an example for the static array. This example is the same as the ArrayLoops example in the last section with one difference – we use Erase after setting the values. When the value are printed out they will all be zero:

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Public Sub EraseStatic()

    ' Declare  array
    Dim arrMarks(0 To 3) As Long

    ' Fill the array with random numbers
    Dim i As Long
    For i = LBound(arrMarks) To UBound(arrMarks)
        arrMarks(i) = 5 * Rnd
    Next i

    ' ALL VALUES SET TO ZERO
    Erase arrMarks

    ' Print out the values - there are all now zero
    Debug.Print "Location", "Value"
    For i = LBound(arrMarks) To UBound(arrMarks)
        Debug.Print i, arrMarks(i)
    Next i

End Sub

We will now try the same example with a dynamic. After we use Erase all the locations in the array have been deleted. We need to use ReDim if we wish to use the array again.

 

If we try to access members of this array we will get a “Subscript out of Range” error:

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Public Sub EraseDynamic()

    ' Declare  array
    Dim arrMarks() As Long
    ReDim arrMarks(0 To 3)

    ' Fill the array with random numbers
    Dim i As Long
    For i = LBound(arrMarks) To UBound(arrMarks)
        arrMarks(i) = 5 * Rnd
    Next i

    ' arrMarks is now deallocated. No locations exist.
    Erase arrMarks

End Sub

 

Increasing the length of the VBA Array

If we use ReDim on an existing array, then the array and its contents will be deleted.

In the following example, the second ReDim statement will create a completely new array. The original array and its contents will be deleted.

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Sub UsingRedim()

    Dim arr() As String
    
    ' Set array to be slots 0 to 2
    ReDim arr(0 To 2)
    arr(0) = "Apple"
    
    ' Array with apple is now deleted
    ReDim arr(0 To 3)

End Sub

 

If we want to extend the length of an array without losing the contents, we can use the Preserve keyword.

When we use Redim Preserve the new array must start at the same starting dimension e.g.

We cannot Preserve from (0 to 2) to (1 to 3) or to (2 to 10) as they are different starting dimensions.

In the following code we create an array using ReDim and then fill the array with types of fruit.

We then use Preserve to extend the length of the array so we don’t lose the original contents:

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Sub UsingRedimPreserve()

    Dim arr() As String
    
    ' Set array to be slots 0 to 1
    ReDim arr(0 To 2)
    arr(0) = "Apple"
    arr(1) = "Orange"
    arr(2) = "Pear"
    
    ' Reset the length and keep original contents
    ReDim Preserve arr(0 To 5)

End Sub

 

You can see from the screenshots below, that the original contents of the array have been “Preserved”.

 

 

 

Word of Caution: In most cases, you shouldn’t need to resize an array like we have done in this section. If you are resizing an array multiple times then you may want to consider using a Collection.

 

Using Preserve with Two-Dimensional Arrays

Preserve only works with the upper bound of an array.

For example, if you have a two-dimensional array you can only preserve the second dimension as this example shows:

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Sub Preserve2D()

    Dim arr() As Long
    
    ' Set the starting length
    ReDim arr(1 To 2, 1 To 5)
    
    ' Change the length of the upper dimension
    ReDim Preserve arr(1 To 2, 1 To 10)

End Sub

 

If we try to use Preserve on a lower bound we will get the “Subscript out of range” error.

In the following code we use Preserve on the first dimension. Running this code will give the “Subscript out of range” error:

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Sub Preserve2DError()

    Dim arr() As Long
    
    ' Set the starting length
    ReDim arr(1 To 2, 1 To 5)
    
    ' "Subscript out of Range" error
    ReDim Preserve arr(1 To 5, 1 To 5)

End Sub

 

When we read from a range to an array, it automatically creates a two-dimensional array, even if we have only one column.

The same Preserve rules apply. We can only use Preserve on the upper bound as this example shows:

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Sub Preserve2DRange()

    Dim arr As Variant
    
    ' Assign a range to an array
    arr = Sheet1.Range("A1:A5").Value
    
    ' Preserve will work on the upper bound only
    ReDim Preserve arr(1 To 5, 1 To 7)

End Sub

 

 

Sorting the VBA Array

From 2021 and Office 365 there is a new Sort function in Excel. This function can be used to sort arrays, which is very useful:

 Sub TestSort()

    ' Read data from the sheet1 worksheet
    Dim data As Variant
    data = ThisWorkbook.Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A2:C11").Value
    
    ' Sort the data
    data = WorksheetFunction.Sort(data)
    
    ' Write the sorted data to the sheet2 worksheet
    ThisWorkbook.Worksheets("Sheet2").Range("A2:C11").Value = data

 End Sub

Go here to see examples of using the new Sort function with arrays.

If the new Sort function is not available in your version of Excel, then you will need to use a function like QuickSort below:

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Sub QuickSort(arr As Variant, first As Long, last As Long)
  
  Dim vCentreVal As Variant, vTemp As Variant
  
  Dim lTempLow As Long
  Dim lTempHi As Long
  lTempLow = first
  lTempHi = last
  
  vCentreVal = arr((first + last) \ 2)
  Do While lTempLow <= lTempHi
  
    Do While arr(lTempLow) < vCentreVal And lTempLow < last
      lTempLow = lTempLow + 1
    Loop
    
    Do While vCentreVal < arr(lTempHi) And lTempHi > first
      lTempHi = lTempHi - 1
    Loop
    
    If lTempLow <= lTempHi Then
    
        ' Swap values
        vTemp = arr(lTempLow)

        arr(lTempLow) = arr(lTempHi)
        arr(lTempHi) = vTemp
      
        ' Move to next positions
        lTempLow = lTempLow + 1
        lTempHi = lTempHi - 1
      
    End If
    
  Loop
  
  If first < lTempHi Then QuickSort arr, first, lTempHi
  If lTempLow < last Then QuickSort arr, lTempLow, last
  
End Sub

 

You can use this function like this:

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Sub TestSort()

    ' Create temp array
    Dim arr() As Variant
    arr = Array("Banana", "Melon", "Peach", "Plum", "Apple")
  
    ' Sort array
    QuickSort arr, LBound(arr), UBound(arr)

    ' Print arr to Immediate Window(Ctrl + G)
    Dim i As Long
    For i = LBound(arr) To UBound(arr)
        Debug.Print arr(i)
    Next i

End Sub

 

Passing the VBA Array to a Sub or Function

Sometimes you will need to pass an array to a procedure. You declare the parameter using parenthesis similar to how you declare a dynamic array.

Passing to the procedure using ByRef means you are passing a reference of the array. So if you change the array in the procedure it will be changed when you return.

Note: When you use an array as a parameter it cannot use ByVal, it must use ByRef. You can pass the array using ByVal making the parameter a variant.

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
' Passes array to a Function
Public Sub PassToProc()
    Dim arr(0 To 5) As String
    ' Pass the array to function
    UseArray arr
End Sub

Public Function UseArray(ByRef arr() As String)
    ' Use array
    Debug.Print UBound(arr)
End Function

 

Returning the VBA Array from a Function

It is important to keep the following in mind. If you want to change an existing array in a procedure then you should pass it as a parameter using ByRef(see last section). You do not need to return the array from the procedure.

The main reason for returning an array is when you use the procedure to create a new one. In this case you assign the return array to an array in the caller. This array cannot be already allocated. In other words you must use a dynamic array that has not been allocated.

The following examples show this

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Public Sub TestArray()

    ' Declare dynamic array - not allocated
    Dim arr() As String
    ' Return new array
    arr = GetArray

End Sub

Public Function GetArray() As String()

    ' Create and allocate new array
    Dim arr(0 To 5) As String
    ' Return array
    GetArray = arr

End Function

 

Using a Two-Dimensional VBA Array

The arrays we have been looking at so far have been one-dimensional arrays. This means the arrays are one list of items.

A two-dimensional array is essentially a list of lists. If you think of a single spreadsheet row as a single dimension then more than one column is two dimensional. In fact a spreadsheet is the equivalent of a two-dimensional array. It has two dimensions – rows and columns.

One small thing to note is that Excel treats a one-dimensional array as a row if you write it to a spreadsheet. In other words, the array arr(1 to 5) is equivalent to arr(1 to 1, 1 to 5) when writing values to the spreadsheet.

The following image shows two groups of data. The first is a one-dimensional layout and the second is two dimensional.

To access an item in the first set of data(1 dimensional) all you need to do is give the row e.g. 1,2, 3 or 4.

For the second set of data (two-dimensional), you need to give the row AND the column. So you can think of 1 dimensional being multiple columns and one row and two-dimensional as being multiple rows and multiple columns.

Note: It is possible to have more than two dimensions in an array. It is rarely required. If you are solving a problem using a 3+ dimensional array then there probably is a better way to do it.

 

You declare a two-dimensional array as follows:

Dim ArrayMarks(0 To 2,0 To 3) As Long

 

The following example creates a random value for each item in the array and the prints the values to the Immediate Window:

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Public Sub TwoDimArray()

    ' Declare a two dimensional array
    Dim arrMarks(0 To 3, 0 To 2) As String

    ' Fill the array with text made up of i and j values
    Dim i As Long, j As Long
    For i = LBound(arrMarks) To UBound(arrMarks)
        For j = LBound(arrMarks, 2) To UBound(arrMarks, 2)
            arrMarks(i, j) = CStr(i) & ":" & CStr(j)
        Next j
    Next i

    ' Print the values in the array to the Immediate Window
    Debug.Print "i", "j", "Value"
    For i = LBound(arrMarks) To UBound(arrMarks)
        For j = LBound(arrMarks, 2) To UBound(arrMarks, 2)
            Debug.Print i, j, arrMarks(i, j)
        Next j
    Next i

End Sub

You can see that we use a second For loop inside the first loop to access all the items.

 

The output of the example looks like this:

How this Macro works is as follows:

• Enters the i loop
• i is set to 0
• Entersj loop
• j is set to 0
• j is set to 1
• j is set to 2
• Exit j loop
• i is set to 1
• j is set to 0
• j is set to 1
• j is set to 2
• And so on until i=3 and j=2

You may notice that LBound and UBound have a second argument with the value 2. This specifies that it is the upper or lower bound of the second dimension. That is the start and end location for j. The default value 1 which is why we do not need to specify it for the i loop.

 

Using the For Each Loop

Using a For Each is neater to use when reading from an array.

Let’s take the code from above that writes out the two-dimensional array

    ' Using For loop needs two loops
    Debug.Print "i", "j", "Value"
    For i = LBound(arrMarks) To UBound(arrMarks)
        For j = LBound(arrMarks, 2) To UBound(arrMarks, 2)
            Debug.Print i, j, arrMarks(i, j)
        Next j
    Next i

 

Now let’s rewrite it using a For each loop. You can see we only need one loop and so it is much easier to write:

    ' Using For Each requires only one loop
    Debug.Print "Value"
    Dim mark As Variant
    For Each mark In arrMarks
        Debug.Print mark
    Next mark

 

Using the For Each loop gives us the array in one order only – from LBound to UBound. Most of the time this is all you need.

 

Reading from a Range to the VBA Array

If you have read my previous post on Cells and Ranges then you will know that VBA has an extremely efficient way of reading from a Range of Cells to an Array and vice versa

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Public Sub ReadToArray()

    ' Declare dynamic array
    Dim StudentMarks As Variant

    ' Read values into array from first row
    StudentMarks = Range("A1:Z1").Value

    ' Write the values back to the third row
    Range("A3:Z3").Value = StudentMarks

End Sub

 

The dynamic array created in this example will be a two dimensional array. As you can see we can read from an entire range of cells to an array in just one line.

The next example will read the sample student data below from C3:E6 of Sheet1 and print them to the Immediate Window:

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Public Sub ReadAndDisplay()

    ' Get Range
    Dim rg As Range
    Set rg = ThisWorkbook.Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("C3:E6")

    ' Create dynamic array
    Dim StudentMarks As Variant

    ' Read values into array from sheet1
    StudentMarks = rg.Value

    ' Print the array values
    Debug.Print "i", "j", "Value"
    Dim i As Long, j As Long
    For i = LBound(StudentMarks) To UBound(StudentMarks)
        For j = LBound(StudentMarks, 2) To UBound(StudentMarks, 2)
            Debug.Print i, j, StudentMarks(i, j)
        Next j
    Next i

End Sub

 

 

 

As you can see the first dimension(accessed using i) of the array is a row and the second is a column. To demonstrate this take a look at the value 44 in E4 of the sample data. This value is in row 2 column 3 of our data. You can see that 44 is stored in the array at StudentMarks(2,3).

You can see more about using arrays with ranges in this YouTube video

 

How To Make Your Macros Run at Super Speed

If your macros are running very slow then you may find this section very helpful. Especially if you are dealing with large amounts of data. The following is a very well-kept secret in VBA

Updating values in arrays is exponentially faster than updating values in cells.

 

In the last section, you saw how we can easily read from a group of cells to an array and vice versa. If we are updating a lot of values then we can do the following:

1. Copy the data from the cells to an array.
2. Change the data in the array.
3. Copy the updated data from the array back to the cells.

For example, the following code would be much faster than the code below it:

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Public Sub ReadToArray()

    ' Read values into array from first row
    Dim StudentMarks  As Variant
    StudentMarks = Range("A1:Z20000").Value

    Dim i As Long
    For i = LBound(StudentMarks) To UBound(StudentMarks)
        ' Update marks here
        StudentMarks(i, 1) = StudentMarks(i, 1) * 2
        '...
    Next i

    ' Write the new values back to the worksheet
    Range("A1:Z20000").Value = StudentMarks

End Sub

 

' https://excelmacromastery.com/
Sub UsingCellsToUpdate()
    
    Dim c As Variant
    For Each c In Range("A1:Z20000")
        c.Value = ' Update values here
    Next c
    
End Sub

 

Assigning from one set of cells to another is also much faster than using Copy and Paste:

' Assigning - this is faster
Range("A1:A10").Value = Range("B1:B10").Value

' Copy Paste - this is slower
Range("B1:B1").Copy Destination:=Range("A1:A10")

 

The following comments are from two readers who used arrays to speed up their macros

“A couple of my projects have gone from almost impossible and long to run into almost too easy and a reduction in time to run from 10:1.” – Dane

“One report I did took nearly 3 hours to run when accessing the cells directly — 5 minutes with arrays” – Jim

You can see more about the speed of Arrays compared to other methods in this YouTube video.

To see a comparison between Find, Match and Arrays it is worth checking out this post by Charles Williams.

 

Conclusion

The following is a summary of the main points of this post

1. Arrays are an efficient way of storing a list of items of the same type.
2. You can access an array item directly using the number of the location which is known as the subscript or index.
3. The common error “Subscript out of Range” is caused by accessing a location that does not exist.
4. There are two types of arrays: Static and Dynamic.
5. Static is used when the length of the array is always the same.
6. Dynamic arrays allow you to determine the length of an array at run time.
7. LBound and UBound provide a safe way of find the smallest and largest subscripts of the array.
8. The basic array is one dimensional. You can also have multidimensional arrays.
9. You can only pass an array to a procedure using ByRef. You do this like this: ByRef arr() as long.
10. You can return an array from a function but the array, it is assigned to, must not be currently allocated.
11. A worksheet with its rows and columns is essentially a two-dimensional array.
12. You can read directly from a worksheet range into a two-dimensional array in just one line of code.
13. You can also write from a two-dimensional array to a range in just one line of code.

 

What’s Next?

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