Interesting question!
Yes it should be possible either with the truckload of npm modules out there, one might do scientific calculation, I know theres a couple with matlab & mathematica.
If you're used to numPy you could use could too! You have to build a custom package for meteor.
There is a good example of a meteor package using a NPM module at : https://github.com/avital/meteor-xml2js-npm-demo.
On good example is the python (the npm module) : https://npmjs.org/package/python. Which lets you run python code and let node talk to it. So you could do heavy computational stuff with numPy and have meteor run it/talk to/get the results as they are changing.