Adding columns while inserting a row in another table

I would restructure table 2 to normalize it, using these columns:

exam_name, subject, score

using the primary key exam_name, subject

You would then be able to query it to get all scores for the different subjects.

Table:

mysql> SELECT * FROM t2;
+-----------+---------+-------+
| exam_name | subject | score |
+-----------+---------+-------+
| unit1     | hindi   |    25 |
| unit1     | telugu  |    45 |
| unit2     | math    |    15 |
| unit2     | telugu  |    25 |
+-----------+---------+-------+

You can now query: First you need to find out all your subjects:

SELECT DISTINCT subject from t2;

Now you can use the subjects to create a pivot table:

SELECT exam_name, details.hindi, details.telugu, details.math 
FROM (
   SELECT exam_name, 
          SUM(if(subject='hindi',score,0)) AS hindi, 
          SUM(if(subject='telugu', score, 0)) AS telugu, 
          SUM(if(subject='math', score, 0)) AS math 
   FROM t2 GROUP BY exam_name

) AS details ;

+-----------+-------+--------+------+
| exam_name | hindi | telugu | math |
+-----------+-------+--------+------+
| unit1     |    25 |     45 |    0 |
| unit2     |     0 |     25 |   15 |
+-----------+-------+--------+------+

Look up pivot table for more detailed information. This solution assumes that there is only one entry for each exam_name/subject combination in the table.

You might be able to combined the two steps in one complex query. Depending on whether you call this from a script, that might or might not be preferable.