Docker provides a way to do this using Volumes:
In addition to creating a volume using the -v flag you can also mount a directory from your own host into a container.
$ sudo docker run -d -P --name yourapp -v /lib:/lib yourcontainer/name
So in your containerized app, you would just look in /lib (or wherever you find convenient to mount it), and when you book the container, you specify the host directory you want mounted.
Another option I've used is to create a container with just the configuration (use busybox or something small) and then export a directory from within that as a volume that you share in other containers. This does set up a dependency between containers that you have to manage, but it gives you the benefit of being able to version your configuration and not have to have it just sitting on the host file system.
Both of these strategies are discussed at the link above.