Type hint for a Sequence or list with known length

You can't. A list is a mutable, variable length structure. If you need a fixed-length structure, use a tuple instead:

Tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float, float, float, float, float]

Or better still, use a named tuple, which has both indices and named attributes:

class BunchOfFloats(NamedTuple):
    foo: float
    bar: float
    baz: float
    spam: float
    ham: float
    eggs: float
    monty: float
    python: float
    idle: float
    cleese: float

A list is simply the wrong data type for a fixed-length data structure.

typing.Annotated can be handy here. It allows you to specify arbitrary metadata to type hints:

Annotated[list[float], 3]

New to Annotated? Here's a snippet from the docs:

If a library (or tool) encounters a typehint Annotated[T, x] and has no special logic for metadata x, it should ignore it and simply treat the type as T.

Notably, mypy has an outstanding request (open as of November 2022) for something like this. In the meantime, think of Annotated as for developer readability, not for automated inspection (unless you develop inspection tooling).

So far, only tuples support specifying a fixed number of fields and it has no short-cut for a fixed number of repetitions.

Here's the definition and docstring from the typing module:

class Tuple(tuple, extra=tuple, metaclass=TupleMeta):
    """Tuple type; Tuple[X, Y] is the cross-product type of X and Y.

    Example: Tuple[T1, T2] is a tuple of two elements corresponding
    to type variables T1 and T2.  Tuple[int, float, str] is a tuple
    of an int, a float and a string.

    To specify a variable-length tuple of homogeneous type, use Tuple[T, ...].
    """

    __slots__ = ()

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwds):
        if _geqv(cls, Tuple):
            raise TypeError("Type Tuple cannot be instantiated; "
                            "use tuple() instead")
        return _generic_new(tuple, cls, *args, **kwds)

Since lists are a mutable, variable-length type, it doesn't make any sense to use a type declaration to specify a fixed size.

When also confronted with the same problem, I was not happy seeing Martijn Pieters answer. Since I wanted a "fast" and "easy" way to solve this problem.

So I tried the other suggestions listed here first.

Note: I used VSCode with Pylance as Language Server

Zaffys answer was my favorite

def demystify(mystery: Annotated[Tuple[int], 6]):
    a, b, c, d, e, f = mystery
    print(a, b, c, d, e, f)

Hint for the function then looks like this: demystify: (mystery: Tuple[int]) -> None Also I get a Pylance Error Tuple size mismatch: expected 6 but received for the line a, b, c, d, e, f = mystery

Next I tried Tuple[6 * (int, )] which was mentioned by balu in the comments of Martijn Pieters answer

def demystify(mystery: Tuple[6 * (int,)]):
    a, b, c, e, f, g = mystery
    print(a, b, c, e, f, g)

Resulting in the same Pylance Error as before. Hint for the function was this: demystify: (mystery: Tuple[Tuple[Type[int], ...]]) -> None

Going back to writing down the expected length:

def demystify(mystery: Tuple[int, int, int, int, int, int]):
    a, b, c, e, f, g = mystery
    print(a, b, c, e, f, g)

This resolved the Pylance Error, and got me a "clear" function hint: demystify: (mystery: Tuple[int, int, int, int, int, int]) -> None

But just like John Brodie, I was not happy with this solution.

Now back to the, at first, unwanted answer:

class MysteryType(NamedTuple):
    a: int
    b: int
    c: int
    d: int
    e: int
    f: int
    g: int

def demystify(mystery: MysteryType):
    print(*mystery)

The function hint now seems more mystic: demystify: (mystery: MysteryType) -> None but creating a new MysteryType gives me all the information I need: (a: int, b: int, c: int, d: int, e: int, f: int, g: int)

Also I can use the MysteryType in other methods and functions without the need of counting the type hints.

So, to make a long story short and paraphrase the Zen of Python:

NamedTuples are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!

This answer won't help with type hints (see this answer above), but it will help with type checking via the pydantic package:

from typing import Any, TypeVar, Tuple
from collections.abc import Sequence
from annotated_types import Len
from typing import Annotated
from pydantic import BaseModel

SequenceType = TypeVar('SequenceType', bound=Sequence[Any])
ShortSequence = Annotated[SequenceType, Len(max_length=2)]

class Test(BaseModel):
    test: ShortSequence

print("successful!")
Test(test=[1,2])
print("fail:")
Test(test=[1,2,3])

Output:

successful!
fail:
>Traceback
ValidationError: 1 validation error for Test
test
  Value should have at most 2 items after validation, not 3 [type=too_long, input_value=[1, 2, 3], input_type=list]
    For further information visit https://errors.pydantic.dev/2.9/v/too_long

Related pydantic docs: https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/types/#generics