If you look at the output, you'll notice the line:
BerkeleyDB.xs:76:10: fatal error: db.h: No such file or directory
The build because it is missing that development header and most likely, the package that provides it.
You haven't stated what OS your are using but in Fedora, RHEL, Alma, Rocky, etc you can see what provides the file with the following commands:
yum provides */db.h
dnf provides */db.h
This one is rather direct as it will return libdb-devel-5.3.28-53.el9.x86_64 : C development files for the Berkeley DB library which is clearly what you need.
Debian, Ubuntu, etc are a bit trickier.
You can use apt-file search db.h which will return any packages with that string and then grep through it but you'd have to know what you are looking for. A better option is to go to https://packages.ubuntu.com and search for packages containing the file db.h. You'll see the package name libdb5.3-dev and using apt show libdb5.3-dev will return the following lines which make it rather obvious.
Description: Berkeley v5.3 Database Libraries [development]
This is the development package which contains headers and static
libraries for the Berkeley v5.3 database library.
The file is also most likely located at /usr/include/db.h so you can also use
apt-file search /usr/include/db.h
Which will return
libdb5.3-dev: /usr/include/db.h
Afterwards, install the package and the installation via cpan will work.