W3 schools learn javascript and ajax with w3schools 2010

1. Learn JavaScript ® and AJAX with w3schools Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN: 978-0-470-61194-4 LOC/CIP: 2010925161 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, N 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (877) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572- 3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley logo, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates, in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. w3schools and the w3schools logo are registered trademarks of w3schools. JavaScript is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress CIP Data is available from the publisher.

2. w3schools Authors/Editors w3schools’ mission is to publish well-organized and easy-to-understand online tutorials based on the W3C Web standards. Hege Refsnes Hege is a writer and editor for w3schools. She works to improve the usability and acces- sibility of the Web. Hege has been writing tutorials for w3schools since 1998. Ståle Refsnes Ståle has ten years of Internet development experience, developing all the Web-based solutions for The Norwegian Handball Federation. Ståle has been writing tutorials for w3schools since 1999. Kai Jim Refsnes Kai Jim has been around computers since childhood, working with them since the age of 14. He has been writing tutorials for w3schools since completing a bachelor’s degree in information technology in 2005. Jan Egil Refsnes Jan Egil is the president and founder of w3schools. He is a senior system developer with a master’s degree in information technology and more than 30 years of computing experience. “Jani” has supervised a large number of company-critical development projects for oil companies like Amoco, British Petroleum, ELF, Halliburton, and Brown & Root. He has also developed computer-based solutions for more than 20 governmental institutions like The National Library, Norwegian High Schools, The State Hospital, and many others. Jani started w3schools in 1998.

3. Credits Acquisitions Editor Scott Meyers Production Abshier House Technical Editor Harry Buss Copy Editor Abshier House Associate Director of Marketing David Mayhew Production Manager Tim Tate Vice President and Executive Group Publisher Richard Swadley Vice President and Executive Publisher Barry Pruett Associate Publisher Jim Minatel Project Coordinator, Cover Lynsey Stanford Proofreading and Indexing Abshier House Cover Designer Michael Trent

4. v Introduction..................................................1 JavaScript............................................................................................ 1 AJAX................................................................................................... 3 How To Use This Book....................................................................... 4 Section I: JavaScript Basic..............................7 Chapter 1: JavaScript How To and Where To............... 9 How To Put a JavaScript into an HTML Page..................................... 9 How to Handle Simple Browsers....................................................... 12 Where to Put the JavaScript.............................................................. 12 Using an External JavaScript............................................................. 15 Chapter 2: JavaScript Statements and Comments....... 16 JavaScript Statements........................................................................ 16 JavaScript Comments........................................................................ 18 Chapter 3: JavaScript Variables................................... 23 Do You Remember Algebra from School?.......................................... 23 JavaScript Variables........................................................................... 23 Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables.......................................... 25 Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript Variables.......................... 25 Redeclaring JavaScript Variables........................................................ 26 JavaScript Arithmetic........................................................................ 26 Table of Contents

5. vi Chapter 4: JavaScript Operators................................. 27 JavaScript Arithmetic Operators........................................................ 27 JavaScript Assignment Operators....................................................... 28 The + Operator Used on Strings........................................................ 28 Adding Strings and Numbers............................................................ 28 Chapter 5: JavaScript Comparisons............................ 30 Comparison Operators...................................................................... 30 How to Use Comparisons................................................................. 31 Logical Operators.............................................................................. 31 Conditional Operator....................................................................... 31 Chapter 6: JavaScript If...Else Statements................... 32 Conditional Statements..................................................................... 32 if Statement....................................................................................... 33 if...else Statement.............................................................................. 34 if...else if...else Statement................................................................... 36 Chapter 7: JavaScript Loops....................................... 39 The for Loop..................................................................................... 39 The while Loop................................................................................. 41 The do...while Loop.......................................................................... 43 Chapter 8: Additional JavaScript Flow Control Statements.................................................................... 46 The break Statement......................................................................... 46 The continue Statement.................................................................... 47 JavaScript for...in Statement.............................................................. 48 JavaScript switch Statement............................................................... 50 Table of Contents

6. vii Chapter 9: JavaScript Popup Boxes............................. 53 Popup Boxes...................................................................................... 53 Chapter 10: JavaScript Functions............................... 58 How to Define a Function................................................................ 58 JavaScript Function Examples........................................................... 59 The return Statement........................................................................ 62 The Lifetime of JavaScript Variables.................................................. 63 Chapter 11: JavaScript Events..................................... 64 onLoad and onUnload...................................................................... 64 onFocus, onBlur, and onChange....................................................... 65 onSubmit.......................................................................................... 65 onMouseOver and onMouseOut....................................................... 66 onClick............................................................................................. 66 Chapter 12: Javascript try…catch and throw Statements.......................................................... 67 JavaScript—Catching Errors............................................................. 67 The try...catch Statement.................................................................. 67 The throw Statement......................................................................... 70 Chapter 13: JavaScript Special Characters and Guidelines.................................................................... 73 Insert Special Characters................................................................... 73 JavaScript Is Case Sensitive................................................................ 74 White Space...................................................................................... 74 Break up a Code Line........................................................................ 74 Table of Contents

7. viii Section II: JavaScript Objects.......................77 Chapter 14: JavaScript Objects Intro.......................... 79 Object-Oriented Programming......................................................... 79 Properties.......................................................................................... 79 Methods............................................................................................ 80 Chapter 15: JavaScript String Object.......................... 81 String Object..................................................................................... 81 Examples........................................................................................... 82 Chapter 16: JavaScript Date Object............................ 88 Create a Date Object......................................................................... 88 Set Dates........................................................................................... 89 Compare Two Dates.......................................................................... 89 Examples........................................................................................... 90 Chapter 17: JavaScript Array Object........................... 95 What Is an Array?.............................................................................. 95 Create an Array................................................................................. 96 Access an Array................................................................................. 96 Modify Values in an Array................................................................. 96 Examples........................................................................................... 97 Chapter 18: JavaScript Boolean Object.................... 107 Create a Boolean Object.................................................................. 107 Examples......................................................................................... 108 Table of Contents

8. ix Chapter 19: JavaScript Math Object......................... 110 Math Object................................................................................... 110 Mathematical Constants.................................................................. 110 Mathematical Methods................................................................... 111 Examples......................................................................................... 112 Chapter 20: JavaScript RegExp Object..................... 115 What Is RegExp?............................................................................. 115 RegExp Modifiers............................................................................ 116 test()................................................................................................ 118 exec().............................................................................................. 119 Section III: JavaScript Advanced.................121 Chapter 21: JavaScrip Browser Detection................. 123 Browser Detection........................................................................... 123 The Navigator Object..................................................................... 124 Chapter 22: JavaScript Cookies................................ 129 What Is a Cookie?........................................................................... 129 Create and Store a Cookie............................................................... 130 Chapter 23: JavaScript Form Validation................... 134 Required Fields............................................................................... 134 E-mail Validation............................................................................ 136 Table of Contents

9. x Chapter 24: JavaScript Animation............................ 138 The HTML Code........................................................................... 138 The JavaScript Code........................................................................ 139 The Entire Code............................................................................. 139 Chapter 25: JavaScript Image Maps.......................... 141 HTML Image Maps........................................................................ 141 Adding Some JavaScript.................................................................. 142 Chapter 26: JavaScript Timing Events...................... 144 The setTimeout() Method............................................................... 144 The clearTimeout() Method............................................................ 149 Chapter 27: Create Your Own Objects with JavaScript............................................................ 151 JavaScript Objects........................................................................... 151 Creating Your Own Objects............................................................ 152 Section IV: AJAX Basic................................157 Chapter 28: AJAX XMLHttpRequest....................... 159 AJAX Uses the XMLHttpRequest Object........................................ 159 The XMLHttpRequest Object........................................................ 159 Your First AJAX Application........................................................... 160 Chapter 29: AJAX Browser Support......................... 163 The XMLHttpRequest.................................................................... 163 All Together Now............................................................................ 164 Table of Contents

10. xi Chapter 30: AJAX—The XMLHttpRequest Object’s Methods and Properties................................. 166 Important Methods......................................................................... 166 Sending an AJAX Request to a Server.............................................. 167 Important Properties....................................................................... 167 The responseText Property.............................................................. 167 XMLHttpRequest Open—Using False............................................ 167 XMLHttpRequest Open—Using True............................................ 168 The readyState Property.................................................................. 168 The onreadystatechange Property.................................................... 169 Chapter 31: AJAX Server.......................................... 170 XMLHttpRequest Object Can Request Any Data........................... 170 Requesting Files.............................................................................. 170 Submitting Forms........................................................................... 171 Section V: AJAX Advanced.........................173 Chapter 32: AJAX Suggest....................................... 175 The HTML Form........................................................................... 175 The showHint() Function............................................................... 176 The GetXmlHttpObject() Function................................................ 177 The stateChanged() Function.......................................................... 177 AJAX Suggest Source Code............................................................. 178 Chapter 33: AJAX Database Example....................... 184 The AJAX JavaScript....................................................................... 185 The AJAX Server Page..................................................................... 186 Table of Contents

11. xii Chapter 34: AJAX XML Example............................ 188 The AJAX JavaScript....................................................................... 189 The AJAX Server Page..................................................................... 190 The XML File................................................................................. 191 Chapter 35: AJAX ResponseXML Example.............. 198 The AJAX JavaScript....................................................................... 199 The AJAX Server Page..................................................................... 201 Appendixes...............................................203 Appendix A: JavaScript Objects........................................................................203 Appendix B: HTML DOM Objects.................................................................214 Index.........................................................245 Table of Contents

12. Introduction Welcome to Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools. This book is for Web site designers and builders who want to learn to add interactivity to their Web pages with JavaScript and Ajax. w3schools (www.w3schools.com), is one of the top Web destinations to learn JavaScript and many other key Web languages. Founded in 1998, w3schools’ tutorials are recom- mended reading in more than 100 universities and high schools all over the world. This book is a great companion to the JavaScript and Ajax tutorials on the w3schools site, which were written by Jan Egil Refsnes, Ståle Refsnes, Kai Jim Refsnes, and Hege Refsnes. Like the w3schools online tutorials, this book features a brief presentation of each topic, trading lengthy explanations for abundant examples showcasing each key feature. This book, as well as other w3schools books published by Wiley, features straight-forward and concise tutorials on each topic from which the beginning Web developer can easily learn. All of the book’s content is derived from w3schools’ accurate, user-tested content used by millions of learners every month. JavaScript JavaScript is the scripting language of the Web. JavaScript is used in millions of Web pages to add functionality, validate forms, detect browsers, and much more. JavaScript is the most popular scripting language on the Internet and works in all major browsers, such as Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, and Safari. What You Should Already Know Before you continue you should have a basic understanding of HTML. If you want to study this subject first, please read Learn HTML and CSS with w3schools. What Is JavaScript? 8 JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages. 8 JavaScript is a scripting language. 8 A scripting language is a lightweight programming language. 8 JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages.

13. 2 8 JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute without pre- liminary compilation). 8 Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license. Are Java and JavaScript the Same? No, they are not. Java and JavaScript are two completely different languages in both con- cept and design. Java (developed by Sun Microsystems) is a powerful and much more complex programming language in the same category as C and C++. What Can JavaScript Do? 8 JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool. HTML authors are normally not programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting language with a very simple syntax. Almost anyone can put small “snippets” of code into their HTML pages. 8 JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page. A JavaScript statement like document.write(“<h1>” + name + “</h1>”) can write a variable text into an HTML page. 8 JavaScript can react to events. A JavaScript script can be set to execute when something happens, like when a page has finished loading or when a user clicks on an HTML element. 8 JavaScript can read and write HTML elements. A JavaScript script can read and change the content of an HTML element. 8 JavaScript can be used to validate data. A JavaScript script can be used to validate form data before it is submitted to a server. This saves the server from extra processing. 8 JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor’s browser. A JavaScript script can be used to detect the visitor’s browser, and depending on the browser, load another page specifically designed for that browser. 8 JavaScript can be used to create cookies. A JavaScript script can be used to store and retrieve information on the visitor’s computer. The Real Name Is ECMAScript JavaScript’s official name is ECMAScript, which is developed and maintained by the ECMA International organization. The language was invented by Brendan Eich at Netscape (with Navigator 2.0) and has appeared in all Netscape and Microsoft browsers since 1996. Learn JavaScript and AJAX with w3schools

14. 3 ECMA-262 is the official JavaScript standard. The development of ECMA-262 started in 1996, and the first edition of was adopted by the ECMA General Assembly in June 1997. The standard was approved as an international ISO (ISO/IEC 16262) standard in 1998. The development of the standard is still in progress. AJAX AJAX equals Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. AJAX is based on JavaScript and HTTP requests. AJAX is not a new programming language, but a new way to use existing standards. AJAX is the art of trading data with a Web server, and changing parts of a Web page, without reloading the whole page. What You Should Already Know Before you continue you should have a basic understanding of the following: 8 HTML 8 JavaScript If you want to study these subjects first, find the tutorials on the w3schools home page. AJAX = Asynchronous JavaScript and XML AJAX is not a new programming language, but a new technique for creating better, faster, and more interactive Web applications. With AJAX, a JavaScript can communicate directly with the server, with the XMLHttpRe- quest object. With this object, a JavaScript can trade data with a Web server, without reloading the page. AJAX uses asynchronous data transfer (HTTP requests) between the browser and the Web server, allowing Web pages to request small bits of information from the server instead of whole pages. The AJAX technique makes Internet applications smaller, faster, and more user friendly. AJAX Is Based on Internet Standards AJAX is based on the following Web standards: 8 JavaScript 8 XML Introduction

15. 4 8 HTML 8 CSS AJAX applications are browser- and platform-independent. AJAX Is About Better Internet-Applications Internet applications have many benefits over desktop applications: They can reach a larger audience; they are easier to install and support; and they are easier to develop. However, Internet applications are not always as “rich” and user friendly as traditional desktop applications. With AJAX, Internet applications can be made richer and more user friendly. Start Using AJAX Today There is nothing new to learn. AJAX is based on existing standards. These standards have been used by developers for several years. How To Use This Book Throughout this book, you will see several icons: Try it yourself >> The Try It Yourself icon indicates an opportunity for you to practice what you’ve just learned. The code and examples under this icon come from examples on the w3schools site, which allow you to make changes to the code and see the results immediately. You do not have to type in the code examples in this book; you will find them all on the w3schools site. The w3schools icon indicates that more information is available on the w3schools site. This icon indicates where you will find further information about a topic that is covered more thoroughly elsewhere within the book. This book is divided into five sections: 8 Section I: JavaScript Basic 8 Section II: JavaScript Objects 8 Section III: JavaScript Advanced 8 Section IV: AJAX Basic 8 Section V: SectionAJAX Advanced Learn JavaScript and AJAX with w3schools

16. 5 If you’re anxious to improve your Web pages and to add some interactivity, jump right in with JavaScript Basic. Plenty of examples and opportunities to try things await, and w3schools will be right there when you need them! Introduction

17. 7 Section I JavaScript Basic ❑ Chapter 1: JavaScript How To and Where To ❑ Chapter 2: JavaScript Statements and Comments ❑ Chapter 3: JavaScript Variables ❑ Chapter 4: JavaScript Operators ❑ Chapter 5: JavaScript Comparisons ❑ Chapter 6: JavaScript If…Else ❑ Chapter 7: JavaScript Loops ❑ Chapter 8: JavaScript Flow Control Statements ❑ Chapter 9: JavaScript Switch and Popup Boxes ❑ Chapter 10: JavaScript Functions ❑ Chapter 11: JavaScript Events ❑ Chapter 12: JavaScript Try…Catch and Throw Statements ❑ Chapter 13: JavaScript Special Characters and Guidelines

18. 9 Chapter 1 JavaScript How To and Where To In This Chapter ❑ How To Put a JavaScript into an HTML Page ❑ How To Handle Simple Browsers ❑ Where To Put the JavaScript ❑ Using an External JavaScript The HTML <script> tag is used to insert a JavaScript into an HTML page. How To Put a JavaScript into an HTML Page The following example shows how to use JavaScript to write text on a Web page. The result of this script is shown in Figure 1.1. <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write("Hello World!"); </script> </body> </html> Figure 1.1

19. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 10 Here’s your first opportunity to personalize JavaScript. Change the “Hello World” text to “Happy, Happy, Joy, Joy!” and see what happens. The result of your changes is shown in Figure 1.2. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write("Happy, Happy, Joy, Joy!"); </script> </body> </html> The following example shows how to add HTML tags to the JavaScript. The result of this code is shown in Figure 1.3. <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write("<h1>Hello World!</h1>"); </script> </body> </html> Continuing with our happier version of the code, change the “Hello World!” text to “Happy, Happy, Joy, Joy!” and see what happens. The result of your changes is shown in Figure 1.4. Figure 1.2 Figure 1.3

20. Chapter 1: JavaScript How To and Where To 11 Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write("<h1>Happy, Happy, Joy, Joy!</h1>"); </script> </body> </html> To insert a JavaScript into an HTML page, we use the <script> tag. Inside the <script> tag we use the type attribute to define the scripting language. So, <script type="text/javascript"> and </script> tell where the Java- Script starts and ends: <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> ... </script> </body> </html> The document.write command is a standard JavaScript command for writing output to a page. When you type the document.write command between the <script> and </ script> tags, the browser will recognize it as a JavaScript command and execute the code line. In this case, the browser writes Hello World! to the page: <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write("Hello World!"); Figure 1.4 (continued)

21. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 12 </script> </body> </html> How to Handle Simple Browsers Browsers that do not support JavaScript will display JavaScript as page content. To prevent them from doing this and as a part of the JavaScript standard, the HTML comment tag should be used to “hide” the JavaScript. Just add an HTML comment tag  after the last JavaScript statement, like this: <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript">  </script> </body> </html> The two forward slashes at the end of comment line (//) comprise the JavaScript comment symbol. This prevents JavaScript from executing the --> tag. Where to Put the JavaScript JavaScripts in a page will be executed immediately while the page loads into the browser. This is not always what we want. Sometimes we want to execute a script when a page loads, or at a later event, such as when a user clicks a button. When this is the case we put the script inside a function. You will learn about functions in Chapter 10, “JavaScript Functions.” Figure 1.5 If we had not typed the <script> tag, the browser would have treated the document.write(“Hello World!”) command as pure text and would just write the entire line on the page,as shown in Figure 1.5. N O T E (continued)

22. Chapter 1: JavaScript How To and Where To 13 Scripts in <head> Scripts to be executed when they are called, or when an event is triggered, are placed in functions. Put your functions in the head section. This way they are all in one place, and they do not interfere with page content. The resulting alert box is shown in Figure 1.6. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function message() { alert("This alert box was called with the onload event"); } </script> </head> <body onload="message()"> </body> </html> Scripts in <body> If you don’t want your script to be placed inside a function, or if your script should write page content, it should be placed in the body section. Figure 1.7 shows the result. Figure 1.6

23. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 14 Try it yourself >> <html> <head> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write("This message is written by JavaScript"); </script> </body> </html> Scripts in <head> and <body> You can place an unlimited number of scripts in your document, so you can have scripts in both the body and the head section. <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function message() { alert("This alert box was called with the onload event"); } </script></head> <body onload="message()"> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write("This message is written by JavaScript"); </script> </body> </html> Figure 1.7

24. Chapter 1: JavaScript How To and Where To 15 Using an External JavaScript If you want to run the same JavaScript on several pages without having to write the same script on every page, you can write a JavaScript in an external file. Save the external JavaScript file with a .js file extension. Your results are shown in Figure 1.8. Try it yourself >> To use the external script, point to the .js file in the src attribute of the <script> tag as shown: <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript" src="xxx.js"></script> </head> <body> </body> </html> Figure 1.8 The external script cannot contain the <script> tag!N O T E Remember to place the script exactly where you normally would write the script! N O T E

25. 16 Chapter 2 JavaScript Statements and Comments In This Chapter ❑ JavaScript Code ❑ JavaScript Blocks ❑ JavaScript Multiline Comments ❑ Using Comments To Prevent Execution ❑ Using Comments at the End of a Line JavaScript is a sequence of statements to be executed by the browser. Unlike HTML, JavaScript is case-sensitive; therefore, watch your capitalization closely when you write JavaScript statements and create or call variables, objects, and functions. JavaScript Statements A JavaScript statement is a command to a browser. The purpose of the command is to tell the browser what to do. The following JavaScript statement tells the browser to write “Hello Dolly” to the Web page: document.write("Hello Dolly"); It is normal to add a semicolon at the end of each executable statement. Most people think this is a good programming practice, and most often you will see this in JavaScript examples on the Web. The semicolon is optional (according to the JavaScript standard), and the browser is supposed to interpret the end of the line as the end of the statement. You often will see examples without the semicolon at the end.

26. Chapter 2: JavaScript Statements and Comments 17 JavaScript Code JavaScript code (or just JavaScript) is a sequence of JavaScript statements. Each statement is executed by the browser in the sequence it is written. This example will write a heading and two paragraphs to a Web page as shown in Figure 2.1. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>"); document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>"); document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>"); </script> </body> </html> JavaScript Blocks JavaScript statements can be grouped together in blocks. Blocks start with a left curly bracket { and end with a right curly bracket }. The purpose of a block is to make the sequence of statements execute together. The following example writes a heading and two paragraphs to a Web page as shown in Figure 2.2. Using semicolons makes it possible to write multiple statements on one line, although good programming practice encourages placing only one statement per line. NOTE Figure 2.1

27. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 18 Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> { document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>"); document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>"); document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>"); } </script> </body> </html> The preceding example is not very useful. It just demonstrates the use of a block. Normally, a block is used to group statements together in a function or in a condition (in which a group of statements should be executed if a condition is met). You will learn more about functions and conditions in Chapters 6 and 10. JavaScript Comments JavaScript comments can be added to explain the JavaScript script or to make the code more readable. Single line comments start with //. The following example uses single-line comments to explain the code. Figure 2.2

28. Chapter 2: JavaScript Statements and Comments 19 Your result is shown in Figure 2.3. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> // Write a heading document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>"); // Write two paragraphs: document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>"); document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>"); </script> </body> </html> JavaScript Multiline Comments Multiline comments start with /* and end with */. The following example uses a multiline comment to explain the code. Your result is shown in Figure 2.4. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> Figure 2.3 (continued)

29. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 20 /* The code below will write one heading and two paragraphs */ document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>"); document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>"); document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>"); </script> </body> </html> Using Comments to Prevent Execution In the following example, the comment is used to prevent the execution of a single code line (can be suitable for debugging): Your result is shown in Figure 2.5. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> //document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>"); document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>"); document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>"); Figure 2.4 (continued)

30. Chapter 2: JavaScript Statements and Comments 21 </script> </body> </html> In the following example, the comment is used to prevent the execution of a code block (can be suitable for debugging): Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> /* document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>"); document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>"); document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>"); */ </script> </body> </html> Your result would be a blank screen. Figure 2.5

31. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 22 Using Comments at the End of a Line In the following example, the comment is placed at the end of a code line. Your result is shown in Figure 2.6. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write("Hello"); // Write "Hello" document.write(" Dolly!"); // Write " Dolly!" </script> </body> </html> Figure 2.6

32. 23 Chapter 3 JavaScript Variables In This Chapter ❑ Do You Remember Algebra from School? ❑ JavaScript Variables ❑ Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables ❑ Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript Variables ❑ Redeclaring JavaScript Variables ❑ JavaScript Arithmetic Variables are “containers” for storing information. Do You Remember Algebra from School? Do you remember algebra from school? x = 5, y = 6, z = x + y Do you remember that a letter (like x) could be used to hold a value (like 5), and that you could use the information given to calculate the value of z to be 11? These letters are called variables. Variables can be used to hold values (x = 5) or expressions (z = x + y). JavaScript Variables As with algebra, JavaScript variables are used to hold values or expressions. A variable can have a short name, like x, or a more descriptive name, like carname.

33. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 24 Rules for JavaScript variable names: 8 Variable names are case sensitive (y and Y are two different variables). 8 Variable names must begin with a letter, the underscore character, or a dollar sign. (The $ character is used primarily by code-generation tools.) 8 Subsequent characters may be letter, number, underscore, or dollar sign. A variable’s value can change during the execution of a script. You can refer to a variable by its name to display or change its value. Your result is shown in Figure 3.1. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var firstname; firstname="Hege"; document.write(firstname); document.write("<br />"); firstname="Tove"; document.write(firstname); </script> <p>The script above declares a variable, assigns a value to it, displays the value, changes the value,and displays the value again.</p> </body> </html> There are 59 reserved words that are not legal variable names.N O TE Because JavaScript is case sensitive,variable names are case sensitive.TIP

34. Chapter 3: Javascript Variables 25 Declaring (Creating) JavaScript Variables Creating variables in JavaScript is most often referred to as “declaring” variables. You can declare JavaScript variables with the var statement: var x; var carname; After the declaration shown, the variables are empty. (They have no values yet.) However, you can also assign values to the variables when you declare them: var x=5; var carname="Volvo"; After the execution of the preceding statements, the variable x will hold the value 5, and carname will hold the value Volvo. Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript Variables If you assign values to variables that have not yet been declared, the variables will automatically be declared. The following statements: x=5; carname="Volvo"; Figure 3.1 When you assign a text value to a variable, use quotes around the value.N O TE (continued)

35. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 26 have the same effect as these: var x=5; var carname="Volvo"; Redeclaring JavaScript Variables If you redeclare a JavaScript variable, it will not lose its original value. var x=5; var x; After the execution of the preceding statements, the variable x will still have the value of 5. The value of x is not reset (or cleared) when you redeclare it. JavaScript Arithmetic As with algebra, you can do arithmetic operations with JavaScript variables: y=x-5; z=y+5; You will learn more about the operators that can be used in Chapter 4, “JavaScript Operators.” (continued) Sometimes the results seem unpredictable. If at least one variable on the right side of an assignment expression contains a string value, the result will be a string and the“+”operator is applied as the concatenation operator to the toString() values of the variables. Only if all the variables to the right of the assignment operator are numbers will the result be a number. N O TE

36. 27 Chapter 4 JavaScript Operators In This Chapter ❑ JavaScript Arithmetic Operators ❑ JavaScript Assignment Operators ❑ The + Operator Used on Strings ❑ Adding Strings and Numbers The assignment operator, =, is used to assign values to JavaScript variables, as shown in the first two lines of the following code. The arithmetic operator, +, is used to add values together, as shown in the last line of the following code. y = 5; z = 2; x = y+z; The value of x, after the execution of the preceding statements is 7. JavaScript Arithmetic Operators Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic between variables and/or values. Given that y = 5, the following table explains the arithmetic operators. Operator Description Example Result + Addition x = y+2 x = 7 - Subtraction x = y-2 x = 3 * Multiplication x = y*2 x = 10 / Division x = y/2 x = 2.5 % Modulus (division remainder) x = y%2 x = 1 ++ Increment x = ++y x = 6 -- Decrement x = --y x = 4

37. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 28 JavaScript Assignment Operators Assignment operators are used to assign values to JavaScript variables. Given that x = 10 and y = 5, the following table explains the assignment operators: Operator Example Same As Result = x = y x = 5 += x+ = y x = x+y x = 15 -= x- = y x = x-y x = 5 *= x* = y x = x*y x = 50 /= x/ = y x = x/y x = 2 %= x% = y x = x%y x = 0 The + Operator Used on Strings The + operator also can be used to concatenate string variables or text values together. To concatenate two or more string variables together, use the + operator: txt1="What a very"; txt2="nice day"; txt3=txt1+txt2; After the execution of the preceding statements, the variable txt3 contains “What a verynice day”. To add a space between the two strings, insert a space into one of the strings: txt1="What a very "; txt2="nice day"; txt3=txt1+txt2; Or insert a space into the expression: txt1="What a very"; txt2="nice day"; txt3=txt1+" "+txt2; After the execution of the preceding statements, the variable txt3 contains: “What a very nice day” Adding Strings and Numbers The rule is as follows: If you add a number and a string, the result will be a string! Your results are shown in Figure 4.1.

38. Chapter 4: Javascript Operators 29 Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> x=5+5; document.write(x); document.write("<br />"); x="5"+"5"; document.write(x); document.write("<br />"); x=5+"5"; document.write(x); document.write("<br />"); x="5"+5; document.write(x); document.write("<br />"); </script> <p>The rule is: If you add a number and a string, the result will be a string.</p> </body> </html> Figure 4.1

39. 30 Chapter 5 JavaScript Comparisons In This Chapter ❑ Comparison Operators ❑ How to Use Comparisons ❑ Logical Operators ❑ Conditional Operator Comparison and logical operators are used to test for true or false. Comparison Operators Comparison operators are used in logical statements to determine equality or difference between variables or values. Given that x = 5, the following table explains the comparison operators: Operator Description Example == is equal to value...is equal to value x == 8 is false === is exactly equal to value and type x === 5 is true x ===“5”is false != is not equal x! = 8 is true > is greater than x > 8 is false < is less than x < 8 is true >= is greater than or equal to x >= 8 is false <= is less than or equal to x <= 8 is true

40. Chapter 5: Javascript Comparisons 31 How to Use Comparisons Comparison operators can be used in conditional statements to compare values and take action depending on the result: if (age<18) document.write("Too young"); You will learn more about the use of conditional statements in the next chapter. Logical Operators Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values. Given that x = 6 and y = 3, the following table explains the logical operators: Operator Description Example && and (x < 10 && y > 1) is true || or (x == 5 || y == 5) is false ! not !(x == y) is true Conditional Operator JavaScript also contains a conditional operator that assigns a value to a variable based on some condition. The syntax is as follows: variablename=(condition)?value1:value2 For example, greeting=(visitor=="PRES")?"Dear President ":"Dear "; If the variable visitor has the value of "PRES", then the variable greeting will be assigned the value "Dear President " else it will be assigned "Dear".

41. 32 Chapter 6 JavaScript If...Else Statements In This Chapter ❑ Conditional Statements ❑ if Statement ❑ if...else Statement ❑ if...else if...else Statement Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on different conditions. Conditional Statements Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different decisions. You can use conditional statements in your code to do this. JavaScript has the following conditional statements: 8 if statement. Use this statement to execute some code only if a specified condition is true. 8 if...else statement. Use this statement to execute some code if the condition is true and another code if the condition is false. 8 if...else if....else statement. Use this statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed. 8 switch statement. Use this statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed.

42. Chapter 6: JavaScript If...Else Statements 33 if Statement Use the if statement to execute some code only if a specified condition is true. The syntax is as follows: if (condition) { code to be executed if condition is true } Your result is shown in Figure 6.1. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var d = new Date(); var time = d.getHours(); With conditionals, a { } block must contain the statements to be executed. If curly braces are not present,only the subsequent statement is executed,which is a very common programming error. if (condition) { statement 1; statement 2; statement 3; } // all three statements are executed if (condition) statement 1; statement 2; statement 3; // only statement 1 is executed TIP if is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters (IF) will generate a JavaScript error! TIP (continued)

43. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 34 if (time < 10) { document.write("<b>Good morning</b>"); } </script> <p>This example demonstrates the If statement.</p> <p>If the time on your browser is less than 10, you will get a "Good morning" greeting.</p> </body> </html> if...else Statement Use the if....else statement to execute some code if a condition is true and another code if the condition is not true. The syntax is as follows: if (condition) { code to be executed if condition is true } else { code to be executed if condition is not true } (continued) Figure 6.1 There is no ..else.. in this syntax.You tell the browser to execute some code only if the specified condition is true. N O TE

44. Chapter 6: JavaScript If...Else Statements 35 Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var d = new Date(); var time = d.getHours(); if (time < 10) { document.write("<b>Good morning</b>"); } else { document.write("<b>Good day</b>"); } </script> <p> This example demonstrates the If...Else statement. </p> <p> If the time on your browser is less than 10, you will get a "Good morning" greeting. Otherwise you will get a "Good day" greeting. </p> </body> </html> Your result is shown in Figure 6.2. Figure 6.2

45. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 36 The following example demonstrates a random link. When you click on the link, it will take you to w3schools.com OR to RefsnesData.no. There is a 50 percent chance for each of them. Your result is shown in Figure 6.3. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var r=Math.random(); if (r>0.5) { document.write("<a href='http://www.w3schools.com'>Learn Web Development!</a>"); } else { document.write("<a href='http://www.refsnesdata.no'>Visit Refsnes Data!</a>"); } </script> </body> </html> if...else if...else Statement Use the if....else if...else statement to select one of several blocks of code to be executed. The syntax is as follows: if (condition1) { code to be executed if condition1 is true Figure 6.3

46. Chapter 6: JavaScript If...Else Statements 37 } else if (condition2) { code to be executed if condition2 is true } else { code to be executed if condition1 and condition2 are not true } Your result is shown in Figure 6.4. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var d = new Date(); var time = d.getHours(); if (time<10) { document.write("<b>Good morning</b>"); } else if (time>=10 && time<16) { document.write("<b>Good day</b>"); } else { document.write("<b>Hello World!</b>"); } </script> <p> This example demonstrates the if..else if...else statement. </p> (continued)

47. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 38 </body> </html> Figure 6.2 (continued)

48. 39 Chapter 7 JavaScript Loops In This Chapter ❑ The for Loop ❑ The while Loop ❑ The do...while Loop Loops execute a block of code a specified number of times or while a specified condition is true. Often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run over and over again in a row. Instead of adding several almost equal lines in a script, you can use loops to perform a task like this. In JavaScript, there are two kinds of loops: 8 for. Loops through a block of code a specified number of times 8 while. Loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true The for Loop The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the script should run. The syntax is as follows: for (var=startvalue;var<=endvalue;var=var+increment) { code to be executed } The following example defines a loop that starts with i = 0. The loop will continue to run as long as i is less than or equal to 5. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs. Your result is shown in Figure 7.1. The increment parameter could also be negative,and the <= could be any comparing statement. N OTE

49. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 40 Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> for (i = 0; i <= 5; i++) { document.write("The number is " + i); document.write("<br />"); } </script> <p>Explanation:</p> <p>This for loop starts with i=0.</p> <p>As long as <b>i</b> is less than, or equal to 5, the loop will continue to run.</p> <p><b>i</b> will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.</p> </body> </html> Figure 7.1

50. Chapter 7: Javascript Loops 41 In the following example, you loop through the six different HTML headings. Your result is shown in Figure 7.2. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> for (i = 1; i <= 6; i++) { document.write("<h" + i + ">This is heading " + i); document.write("</h" + i + ">"); } </script> </body> </html> The while Loop The while loop loops through a block of code a specified number of times or while a specified condition is true. The syntax is as follows: while (var<=endvalue) { Figure 7.2 (continued)

51. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 42 code to be executed } The following example defines a loop that starts with i = 0. The loop will continue to run as long as i is less than or equal to 5. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs, as shown in Figure 7.3. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> i=0; while (i<=5) { document.write("The number is " + i); document.write("<br />"); i++; } </script> <p>Explanation:</p> <p><b>i</b> is equal to 0.</p> <p>While <b>i</b> is less than, or equal to, 5, the loop will continue to run.</p> <p><b>i</b> will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.</p> </body> </html> The <= could be any comparing statement.N OTE The distinction between the for and the while is that in the for loop, the conditions are known and can be specified beforehand. The while loop is used when the initial conditions are known, but the terminal condition is discovered as the block is executed. TIP (continued)

52. Chapter 7: Javascript Loops 43 The do...while Loop The do...while loop is a variant of the while loop. This loop will execute the block of code once, and then it will repeat the loop as long as the specified condition is true. The syntax is as follows: do { code to be executed } while (var<=endvalue); The following example uses a do...while loop. The do...while loop will always be executed at least once, even if the condition is false, because the statements are executed before the condition is tested. The result is shown in Figure 7.4. Figure 7.3 The difference between the while and do…while loops should be character- ized by whether the condition is checked before or after the block is executed. In the case of the while loop, the condition is checked first, so if false, the block will not be executed. In the do…while loop, the condition is checked after the block is executed; therefore the block is always executed at least once. TIP

53. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 44 Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> i = 0; do { document.write("The number is " + i); document.write("<br />"); i++; } while (i <= 5) </script> <p>Explanation:</p> <p><b>i</b> equal to 0.</p> <p>The loop will run</p> <p><b>i</b> will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.</p> <p>While <b>i</b> is less than, or equal to, 5, the loop will continue to run.</p> </body> </html>

54. Chapter 7: Javascript Loops 45 Figure 7.4

55. 46 Chapter 8 Additional JavaScript Flow Control Statements In This Chapter ❑ The break Statement ❑ The continue Statement ❑ JavaScript for...in Statement ❑ JavaScript switch Statement The break and continue statements are used to control loop execution. The break statement can be used to halt execution of a loop if, for example, an error condition is encountered. The continue statement is used to begin the next iteration of a loop without executing all the statements in the block. The break Statement The break statement will terminate execution of the loop and continue executing the code that follows after the loop (if any). Your result is shown in Figure 8.1. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var i=0; for (i=0;i<=10;i++)

56. Chapter 8: Additional JavaScript Flow Control Statements 47 { if (i==3) { break; } document.write("The number is " + i); document.write("<br />"); } </script> <p>Explanation: The loop will break when i=3.</p> </body> </html> The continue Statement The continue statement will terminate the current iteration and restart the loop with the next value. Your result is shown in Figure 8.2. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var i=0; for (i=0;i<=10;i++) { if (i==3) { continue; } document.write("The number is " + i); document.write("<br />"); Figure 8.1 (continued)

57. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 48 } </script> <p>Explanation: The loop will break the current loop and continue with the next value when i=3.</p> </body> </html> JavaScript for...in Statement The for...in statement loops through the elements of an array or through the properties of an object. The syntax is as follows: for (variable in object) { code to be executed } Figure 8.2 (continued) The code in the body of the for...in loop is executed once for each element/property. NOTE

58. Chapter 8: Additional JavaScript Flow Control Statements 49 Arrays are discussed more fully in Chapter 17, “JavaScript Array Object.” In the following example, use the for...in statement to loop through an array. Your result is shown in Figure 8.3. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var x; var mycars = new Array(); mycars[0] = "Saab"; mycars[1] = "Volvo"; mycars[2] = "BMW"; for (x in mycars) { document.write(mycars[x] + "<br />"); } </script> </body> </html> Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on different conditions. The variable argument can be a named variable, an array element, or a property of an object. NOTE Figure 8.3

59. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 50 JavaScript switch Statement Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed. The syntax is as follows: switch(n) { case 1: execute code block 1 break; case 2: execute code block 2 break; default: code to be executed if n is different from case 1 and 2 } This is how it works: First we have a single expression n (most often a variable) that is evaluated once. The value of the expression is then compared with the values for each case in the structure. If there is a match, the block of code associated with that case is executed. Execution continues until either the end of the switch block is reached or a break statement is encountered. For example: <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var i = 1; switch (i) { case 0: document.write("<b>i == 0</b><br>"); case 1: document.write("<b>i == 1</b><br>"); case 2: document.write("<b>i == 2</b><br>"); break; case 3: document.write("<b>i == 3</b><br>"); break;

60. Chapter 8: Additional JavaScript Flow Control Statements 51 default: document.write("<b>i > 3</b><br>"); } </script> <p>Note that when i == 1 execution begins with case 1: but continues until the break statement is encountered.</> </body> </html> Your results are shown in Figure 8.4. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var d = new Date(); theDay=d.getDay(); switch (theDay) { case 5: document.write("<b>Finally Friday</b>"); break; case 6: document.write("<b>Super Saturday</b>"); break; case 0: document.write("<b>Sleepy Sunday</b>"); break; default: document.write("<b>I'm really looking forward to this weekend!</b>"); } </script> <p>This JavaScript will generate a different greeting based on what day it is. Note that Sunday=0, Monday=1, Tues- day=2, etc.</p> (continued)

61. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 52 </body> </html> Figure 8.4 (continued)

62. 53 Chapter 9 JavaScript Popup Boxes In This Chapter ❑ Popup Boxes • Alert Box • Confirm Box • Prompt Box Popup Boxes JavaScript has three types of popup boxes: alert box, confirm box, and prompt box. Alert Box An alert box is often used when you want to display information to the user. When an alert box pops up, the user will have to click OK to proceed. The syntax is as follows: alert("sometext"); Your results are shown in Figure 9.1. When you click the button, the alert box in Figure 9.2 pops up. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> (continued)

63. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 54 (continued) <script type="text/javascript"> function show_alert() { alert("Hello! I am an alert box!"); } </script> </head> <body> <input type="button" onclick="show_alert()" value="Show alert box" /> </body> </html> The following example creates an alert box with line breaks. Your results are shown in Figures 9.3 and 9.4. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function disp_alert() { alert("Hello again! This is how we" + 'n' + "add line breaks to an alert box!"); } Figure 9.1 Figure 9.2

64. Chapter 9: JavaScript Popup Boxes 55 </script> </head> <body> <input type="button" onclick="disp_alert()" value="Display alert box" /> </body> </html> Confirm Box A confirm box is often used if you want the user to verify or accept something. When a confirm box pops up, the user will have to click either OK or Cancel to proceed. If the user clicks OK, the box returns true. If the user clicks Cancel, the box returns false. The syntax is as follows: confirm("sometext"); Your results are shown in Figures 9.5 and 9.6. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function show_confirm() { Figure 9.3 Figure 9.4 (continued)

65. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 56 var r=confirm("Press a button!"); if (r==true) { alert("You pressed OK!"); } else { alert("You pressed Cancel!"); } } </script> </head> <body> <input type="button" onclick="show_confirm()" value="Show a confirm box" /> </body> </html> Prompt Box A prompt box is often used if you want the user to input a value while on a page or from a page. When a prompt box pops up, the user will have to click either OK or Cancel to proceed after entering an input value. Figure 9.5 Figure 9.6 (continued)

66. Chapter 9: JavaScript Popup Boxes 57 If the user clicks OK, the box returns the input value. If the user clicks Cancel, the box returns null. The syntax is as follows: prompt("sometext","defaultvalue"); Your results are shown in Figure 9.7. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function disp_prompt() { var fname=prompt("Please enter your name:","Your name") document.getElementById("msg").innerHTML="Greetings, " + fname } </script> </head> <body> <input type="button" onclick="disp_prompt()" value="Display a prompt box" /> <br /><br /> <div id="msg"></div> </body> </html> Figure 9.7

67. 58 Chapter 10 JavaScript Functions In This Chapter ❑ How to Define a Function ❑ JavaScript Function Examples ❑ The return Statement ❑ The Lifetime of JavaScript Variables A function will be executed by an event or by an explicit call to the function. To keep the browser from executing a script when the page loads, you can put your script into a function. A function contains code that will be executed by an event or by a call to the function. You may call a function from anywhere within a page (or even from other pages if the function is embedded in an external .js file). Functions can be defined both in the <head> and in the <body> section of a document. However, to ensure that a function is read/loaded by the browser before it is called, it should be placed in the <head> section. How to Define a Function The syntax is as follows: function functionname(var1,var2,...,varX) { some code }

68. Chapter 10: JavaScript Functions 59 The parameters var1, var2, and so on, are variables or values passed into the function. The { and the } defines the start and end of the function. JavaScript Function Examples In the following example, if the line alert("Hello world!!") had not been put within a function, it would have been executed as soon as the line was loaded. Now, the script will not be executed before a user clicks the input button. The function displaymessage() will be executed if the input button is clicked. Your results are shown in Figures 10.1 and 10.2. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function displaymessage() { alert("Hello World!"); } </script> </head> <body> <form> <input type="button" value="Click me!" onclick="displaymessage()" /> </form> <p>By pressing the button above, a function will be called. The function will alert a message.</p> A function with no parameters must include the parentheses () after the function name. NOTE Do not forget about the importance of capitalization in JavaScript! The word function must be written in lowercase letters, otherwise a JavaScript error occurs. Also note that you must call a function with the exact same capitalization as in the function declaration. TIP (continued)

69. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 60 </body> </html> You will learn more about JavaScript events in the Chapter 11, “JavaScript Events.” The following example of a function with a parameter shows how to pass a variable to a function and use the variable in the function. Your results are shown in Figures 10.3 and 10.4. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function myfunction(txt) { alert(txt); } </script> </head> <body> <form> <input type="button" onclick="myfunction('Hello')" value="Call function"> </form> Figure 10.1 (continued) Figure 10.2

70. Chapter 10: JavaScript Functions 61 <p>By pressing the button above, a function will be called with "Hello" as a parameter. The function will alert the parameter.</p> </body> </html> The following example shows how to let a function return a value. Your results are shown in Figure 10.5 Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function myFunction() { return ("Hello world!"); } </script> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write(myFunction()) </script> Figure 10.3 Figure 10.4 (continued)

71. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 62 </body> </html> The return Statement The return statement is used to specify the value that is returned from the function. So, functions that are going to return a value must use the return statement. A return statement also may be used in a function that does not return a value to end execution at any given point in the function; for example, if an error condition is encountered: Var globalName; function setGlobalName(name) { if (name.length == 0) { Alert("no name specified") return; } globalName = name; } The following example returns the product of two numbers (a and b). Your results are shown in Figure 10.6. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function product(a,b) { return a*b; (continued) Figure 10.5

72. Chapter 10: JavaScript Functions 63 } </script> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write(product(4,3)); </script> <p>The script in the body section calls a function with two parameters (4 and 3).</p> <p>The function will return the product of these two parameters.</p> </body> </html> The Lifetime of JavaScript Variables If you declare a variable within a function, the variable can be accessed only within that function. When you exit the function, the variable is destroyed. These variables are called local variables. You can have local variables with the same name in different functions, because each is recognized only by the function in which it is declared. If you declare a variable outside a function, all the functions on your page can access it. These variables are called global variables. The lifetime of these variables starts when they are declared and ends when the page is closed. Figure 10.6

73. 64 Chapter 11 JavaScript Events In This Chapter ❑ onLoad and onUnload ❑ onFocus, onBlur, and onChange ❑ onSubmit ❑ onMouseOver and onMouseOut ❑ onClick Events are actions that can be detected by JavaScript. By using JavaScript, we have the ability to create dynamic Web pages. Every element on a Web page has certain events that can trigger a JavaScript. For example, we can use the onClick event of a button element to indicate that a function will run when a user clicks the button. We define the events in the HTML tags. Examples of events: 8 A mouse click 8 A Web page or an image loading 8 Mousing over a hot spot on the Web page 8 Selecting an input field in an HTML form 8 Submitting an HTML form onLoad and onUnload The onLoad and onUnload events are triggered when the user enters or leaves the page. The onLoad event is often used to check the visitor’s browser type and browser version and load the proper version of the Web page based on the information. Events are normally used in combination with functions, and the function will not be executed before the event occurs! N O TE

74. Chapter 11: JavaScript Events 65 Both the onLoad and onUnload events often are used to deal with cookies that should be set when a user enters or leaves a page. For example, you could have a popup asking for the user’s name upon his first arrival to your page. The name is then stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, you could have another popup saying something like: “Welcome John Doe!”. onFocus,onBlur,and onChange The onFocus, onBlur, and onChange events are often used in combination with validation of form fields. The onFocus and onBlur events are complementary and are caused by the user clicking outside of the current window, frame, or form element or using the Tab key to move among fields or elements. When the user leaves an element, that element triggers a blur event. When the user moves to a new element, that element triggers a focus event. Following is an example of how to use the onChange event. The checkEmail() function will be called whenever the user changes the content of the field: <input type="text" size="30" id="email" onchange="checkEmail()"> onSubmit The onSubmit event may be used to validate form fields before submitting the form. Following is an example of how to use the onSubmit event. The checkForm() function will be called when the user clicks the Submit button in the form. If the field values are not accepted, the submit should be cancelled. The function checkForm() returns either true or false. If it returns true, the form will be submitted, otherwise the submit will be cancelled: <form method="post" action="xxx.htm" onsubmit="return checkForm()"> Because the programmer controls the function executed on onSubmit, he can validate any,all,or no inputs as he sees fit. TIP

75. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 66 onMouseOver and onMouseOut onMouseOver and onMouseOut often are used to create Rollover buttons. Following is an example of an onMouseOver event. An alert box appears when an onMouseOver event is detected: <a href="http://www.w3schools.com" onmouseover="alert('An onMouseOver event');return false"><img src="w3s.gif" alt="w3schools" /></a> onClick The onClick event occurs when the user mouse clicks on a visible element on the screen. The following example could be used to translate text on a page when requested by the user: <input type="button" name="language" value="Click for Spanish" onclick="translate()">

76. 67 Chapter 12 javascript try…catch and Throw Statements In This Chapter ❑ JavaScript—Catching Errors ❑ The try...catch Statement ❑ The throw Statement The try…catch statement enables you to trap errors that occur during the execution of a block of code. JavaScript—Catching Errors When browsing Web pages on the Internet, we all have seen a JavaScript alert box telling us there is a runtime error and asking “Do you wish to debug?” Error messages like this may be useful for developers but not for users. When users see errors, they often leave the Web page. This chapter teaches you how to catch and handle JavaScript error messages so you don’t lose your audience. The try...catch Statement The try…catch statement enables you to trap errors that occur during the execution of a block of code. The try block contains the code to be run, and the catch block contains the code to be executed if an error occurs.

77. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 68 The syntax is as follows: try { //Run some code here } catch(err) { //Handle errors here } The following example is supposed to alert “Welcome guest!” when the button is clicked. However, there’s a typo in the message() function. alert() is misspelled as adddlert(). A JavaScript error occurs. The catch block catches the error and executes a custom code to handle it. The code displays a custom error message informing the user what happened. Your results are shown in Figures 12.1 and 12.2. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> var txt=""; function message() { try { adddlert("Welcome guest!"); } catch(err) { txt="There was an error on this page.nn"; txt+="Error message: " + err.message + "nn"; txt+="Click OK to continue.nn"; alert(txt); } } </script> </head> Note that try...catch is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters will generate a JavaScript error! NOTE

78. Chapter 12: JavaScript Try…Catch and Throw Statements 69 <body> <input type="button" value="View message" onclick="message()" /> </body> </html> The next example uses a confirm box to display a custom message telling users they can click OK to continue viewing the page or click Cancel to go to the homepage. If the confirm method returns false, the user clicked Cancel, and the code redirects the user. If the confirm method returns true, the code does nothing. Your results are shown in Figures 12.3 and 12.4. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> var txt=""; function message() { try { adddlert("Welcome guest!"); } catch(err) { Figure 12.1 Figure 12.2 (continued)

79. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 70 txt="There was an error on this page.nn"; txt+="Click OK to continue viewing this page,n"; txt+="or Cancel to return to the home page.nn"; if(!confirm(txt)) { document.location.href="http://www.w3schools.com/"; } } } </script> </head> <body> <input type="button" value="View message" onclick="message()" /> </body> </html> The throw Statement The throw statement allows you to create an exception. If you use this statement together with the try...catch statement, you can control program flow and generate accurate error messages. Figure 12.3 Figure 12.4 (continued)

80. Chapter 12: JavaScript Try…Catch and Throw Statements 71 The syntax is as follows: throw(exception) The exception can be a string, integer, Boolean, or an object. The following example determines the value of a variable called x. If the value of x is higher than 10, lower than 0, or not a number, we are going to throw an error. The error is then caught by the catch argument, and the proper error message is displayed: <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var x=prompt("Enter a number between 0 and 10:",""); try { if(x>10) { throw "Err1"; } else if(x<0) { throw "Err2"; } else if(isNaN(x)) { throw "Err3"; } } catch(er) { if(er=="Err1") { alert("Error! The value is too high"); } if(er=="Err2") { alert("Error! The value is too low"); throw is written in lowercase letters.Using uppercase letters will generate a JavaScript error! NOTE (continued)

81. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 72 } if(er=="Err3") { alert("Error! The value is not a number"); } } </script> </body> </html> (continued)

82. 73 Chapter 13 JavaScript Special Characters and Guidelines In This Chapter ❑ Insert Special Characters ❑ JavaScript Is Case Sensitive ❑ White Space ❑ Break up a Code Line In JavaScript, you can add special characters to a text string by using the backslash character. Also, when scripting with JavaScript, you should know some other important guidelines. Insert Special Characters The backslash () is used to insert apostrophes, new lines, quotes, and other special characters into a text string. Look at the following JavaScript code: var txt="We are the so-called "Vikings" from the north."; document.write(txt); In JavaScript, a string is started and stopped with either single or double quotes. This means that the preceding string will be chopped to We are the so-called. To solve this problem, you must place a backslash () before each double quote in “Viking”. This turns each double quote into a string literal: var txt="We are the so-called "Vikings" from the north."; document.write(txt);

83. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 74 JavaScript will now output the proper text string: We are the so-called “Vikings” from the north. Here is another example: document.write ("You & I are singing!"); The previous example will produce the following output: You & I are singing! The following table lists other special characters that can be added to a text string with the backslash sign: Code Outputs ’ single quote ” double quote & ampersand backslash n new line r carriage return t tab b backspace f form feed JavaScript Is Case Sensitive A function named myfunction is not the same as myFunction and a variable named myVar is not the same as myvar. JavaScript is case sensitive; therefore, watch your capitalization closely when you create or call variables, objects, and functions. White Space JavaScript ignores extra spaces. You can add white space to your script to make it more readable. The following lines are equivalent: name="Hege"; name = "Hege"; Break up a Code Line Text in code statements contained within quotes is called a string literal. A string literal may not be broken across lines except by inserting the backslash character () at the point where you want to break the string: document.write("Hello World!");

84. Chapter 13: JavaScript Special Characters and Guidelines 75 The following will generate an “unterminated string literal” script error: document.write("Hello World!"); Another option is to use the concatenate operator (+) to break the string: document.write("Hello "+ "World!"); Code statements may be broken across lines, but the backslash character must not be used in this case. The following is legal JavaScript: document.write ("Hello " + World!" ); As a rule, break code statements or string literals across lines only when the length of the line or literal makes it difficult to read. You can break up a code line within a text string with a backslash. The following example will be displayed properly: document.write("Hello World!"); However, you cannot break up a code line like this: document.write ("Hello World!");

85. 77 Section II JavaScript Objects ❑ Chapter 14: JavaScript Objects Intro ❑ Chapter 15: JavaScript String Object ❑ Chapter 16: JavaScript Date Object ❑ Chapter 17: JavaScript Array Object ❑ Chapter 18: JavaScript Boolean Object ❑ Chapter 19: JavaScript Math Object ❑ Chapter 20: JavaScript RegExp Objects

86. 79 Chapter 14 JavaScript Objects Intro In This Chapter ❑ Object-Oriented Programming ❑ Properties ❑ Methods JavaScript as a programming language has strong object-oriented capabilities. An Object-Oriented (OOL) language enables you to model data using objects consist- ing of properties and methods that operate on those properties. Object-Oriented Programming Creating your own objects is explained later in the section “Advanced JavaScript.” We start by looking at the built-in JavaScript objects and how they are used. The next pages explain each built-in JavaScript object in detail. Note that an object is just a special kind of data. An object has properties and methods. Properties Properties are the values associated with an object. In the following example, we use the length property of the String object to return the number of characters in a string: <script type="text/javascript"> var txt="Hello World!"; document.write(txt.length); </script> (continued)

87. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 80 The output of the previous code will be 12 Methods Methods are the actions that can be performed on objects. In the following example, we use the toUpperCase() method of the String object to display a text in uppercase letters: <script type="text/javascript"> var str="Hello world!"; document.write(str.toUpperCase()); </script> The output of the previous code will be HELLO WORLD! (continued)

88. 81 Chapter 15 JavaScript String Object In This Chapter ❑ String Object ❑ Examples The String object is used to manipulate a stored piece of text. String Object The following example uses the length property of the String object to find the length of a string: var txt="Hello world!"; document.write(txt.length); The preceding code will result in the following output: 12 The following example uses the toUpperCase() method of the String object to convert a string to uppercase letters: var txt="Hello world!"; document.write(txt.toUpperCase()); The preceding code will result in the following output: HELLO WORLD!

89. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 82 Examples The following example shows how to return the length of a string. Your results are shown in Figure 15.1. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var txt = "Hello World!"; document.write(txt.length); </script> </body> </html> The following example demonstrates how to use the methods of the String object to style strings. Your results are shown in Figure 15.2. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var txt = "Hello World!"; Figure 15.1

90. Chapter 15: JavaScript String Object 83 document.write("<p>Big: " + txt.big() + "</p>"); document.write("<p>Small: " + txt.small() + "</p>"); document.write("<p>Bold: " + txt.bold() + "</p>"); document.write("<p>Italic: " + txt.italics() + "</p>"); document.write("<p>Fixed: " + txt.fixed() + "</p>"); document.write("<p>Strike: " + txt.strike() + "</p>"); document.write("<p>Fontcolor: " + txt.fontcolor("green") + "</p>"); document.write("<p>Fontsize: " + txt.fontsize(6) + "</p>"); document.write("<p>Subscript: " + txt.sub() + "</p>"); document.write("<p>Superscript: " + txt.sup() + "</p>"); document.write("<p>Link: " + txt.link("http://www.w3schools. com") + "</p>"); document.write("<p>Blink: " + txt.blink() + " (does not work in IE, Chrome, or Safari)</p>"); </script> </body> </html>

91. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 84 The following example demonstrates conversion of a string to lowercase or uppercase. Your results are shown in Figure 15.3. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var txt="Hello World!"; document.write(txt.toLowerCase() + "<br />"); document.write(txt.toUpperCase()); </script> Figure 15.2

92. Chapter 15: JavaScript String Object 85 </body> </html> Your results are shown in Figure 15.3. The following example demonstrates how to search for a specified value within a string. Your results are shown in Figure 15.4. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var str="Hello world!"; document.write(str.match("world") + "<br />"); document.write(str.match("World") + "<br />"); document.write(str.match("worlld") + "<br />"); document.write(str.match("world!")); </script> </body> </html> The following example shows how to replace a specified value with another value in a string. Your results are shown in Figure 15.5. Figure 15.3 Figure 15.4

93. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 86 Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var str="Visit Microsoft!"; document.write(str.replace("Microsoft","w3schools")); </script> </body> </html> The following example demonstrates how to find the position of the first occurrence of a specified value in a string. Your results are shown in Figure 15.6. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var str="Hello world!"; document.write(str.indexOf("Hello") + "<br />"); document.write(str.indexOf("WORLD") + "<br />"); document.write(str.indexOf("world")); </script> </body> </html> Figure 15.5

94. Chapter 15: JavaScript String Object 87 For a complete reference of all the properties and methods that can be used with the String object, go to the String object reference in Appendix A. The reference contains a brief description and usage examples for each property and method! Figure 15.6

95. 88 Chapter 16 JavaScript Date Object In This Chapter ❑ Create a Date Object ❑ Set Dates ❑ Compare Two Dates ❑ Examples The Date object is used to work with dates and times. Create a Date Object The Date object is used to work with dates and times. Date objects are created with the Date() constructor. There are four ways of instantiating a date: new Date() // current date and time new Date(milliseconds) //milliseconds since 1970/01/01 new Date(dateString) new Date(year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds) Most of the preceding parameters are optional. When a parameter is not specified, 0 is passed to the method by default. After a Date object is created, a number of methods enable you to operate on it. Most methods allow you to get and set the year, month, day, hour, minute, second, and millisecond of the object, using either local time or UTC (universal, or GMT) time.

96. Chapter 16: JavaScript Date Object 89 All dates are calculated in milliseconds from 01 January, 1970 00:00:00 Universal Time (UTC) with a day containing 86,400,000 milliseconds. Some examples of instantiating a date: today = new Date() d1 = new Date(“October 13, 1975 11:13:00”) d2 = new Date(79,5,24) d3 = new Date(79,5,24,11,33,0) For a complete reference of all the properties and methods that can be used with the Date object, go to the complete Date object reference in Appendix A. The reference contains a brief description and examples of use for each property and method! Set Dates We can easily manipulate the date by using the methods available for the Date object. In the following example, we set a Date object to a specific date (14th January 2010): var myDate=new Date(); myDate.setFullYear(2010,0,14); And in the following example, we set a Date object to be five days into the future: var myDate=new Date(); myDate.setDate(myDate.getDate()+5); Compare Two Dates The Date object is also used to compare two dates. The following example compares today’s date with the 14th January 2010: var myDate=new Date(); myDate.setFullYear(2010,0,14); var today = new Date(); if (myDate>today) { If adding five days to a date shifts the month or year,the changes are handled automatically by the Date object itself! N O TE (continued)

97. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 90 alert(“Today is before 14th January 2010”); } else { alert(“Today is after 14th January 2010”); } Examples The following example demonstrates how to use the Date() method to get today’s date. Your results are shown in Figure 16.1. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type=”text/javascript”> var d=new Date(); document.write(d); </script> </body> </html> The following example demonstrates how to use getTime() to calculate the milliseconds since 1970. Your results are shown in Figure 16.2. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> Figure 16.1 (continued)

98. Chapter 16: JavaScript Date Object 91 <script type=”text/javascript”> var d=new Date(); document.write(d.getTime() + “ milliseconds since 1970/01/01”); </script> </body> </html> The following example shows how to use setFullYear() to set a specific date. Your results are shown in Figure 16.3. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type=”text/javascript”> var d = new Date(); d.setFullYear(1992,11,3); document.write(d); </script> </body> </html> The following example demonstrates how to use toUTCString() to convert today’s date (according to UTC) to a string. Your results are shown in Figure 16.4. Figure 16.2 Figure 16.3

99. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 92 Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type=”text/javascript”> var d=new Date(); document.write(“Original form: “); document.write(d + “<br />”); document.write(“To string (universal time): “); document.write(d.toUTCString()); </script> </body> </html> The getDay() method returns the day of the week as a number, with Sunday = 0. The following example demonstrates how to use getDay() and an array to display the day of the week as a text string rather than a number as shown in Figure 16.5. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type=”text/javascript”> var d=new Date(); var weekday=new Array(7); weekday[0]=”Sunday”; weekday[1]=”Monday”; weekday[2]=”Tuesday”; Figure 16.4

100. Chapter 16: JavaScript Date Object 93 weekday[3]=”Wednesday”; weekday[4]=”Thursday”; weekday[5]=”Friday”; weekday[6]=”Saturday”; document.write(“Today is “ + weekday[d.getDay()]); </script> </body> </html> The following example demonstrates how to display a clock on your Web page. Your results are shown in Figure 16.6. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type=”text/javascript”> function startTime() { var today=new Date(); var h=today.getHours(); var m=today.getMinutes(); var s=today.getSeconds(); // add a zero in front of numbers<10 m=checkTime(m); s=checkTime(s); document.getElementById(‘txt’).innerHTML=h+”:”+m+”:”+s; t=setTimeout(‘startTime()’,500); } function checkTime(i) { if (i<10) Figure 16.5 (continued)

101. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 94 { i=”0” + i; } return i; } </script> </head> <body onload=”startTime()”> <div id=”txt”></div> </body> </html> Figure 16.6 (continued)

102. 95 Chapter 17 JavaScript Array Object In This Chapter ❑ What Is an Array? ❑ Create an Array ❑ Access an Array ❑ Modify Values in an Array ❑ Examples The Array object is used to store multiple values in a single variable. What Is an Array? An array is a special variable that can hold more than one value at a time. If you have a list of items (a list of car names, for example), storing the cars in single variables could look like this: cars1="Saab"; cars2="Volvo"; cars3="BMW"; However, what if you want to loop through the cars and find a specific one? And what if you had not three cars, but 300? The best solution here is to use an array. An array can hold all your variable values under a single name. And you can access the values by referring to the array name. Each element in the array has its own ID so that it can be easily accessed.

103. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 96 Create an Array An array can be defined in three ways. The following code creates an Array object called myCars: 1. var myCars=new Array(); // create a new array with no elements // new Array(n); will create a new array of length n myCars[0]="Saab"; myCars[1]="Volvo"; myCars[2]="BMW"; 2. var myCars=new Array("Saab","Volvo","BMW"); // create a new array with the specified elements 3. var myCars=["Saab","Volvo","BMW"]; //examples 2 & 3 are functionally equivalent Access an Array You can refer to a particular element in an array by referring to the name of the array and the index number. The index number starts at 0. The following code line document.write(myCars[0]); results in the following output: Saab Modify Values in an Array To modify a value in an existing array, just specify a new value for the element at the given index. myCars[0]="Opel"; // overwrite the current value of myCars[0] If you specify numbers or true/false values inside the array then the variable type will be Number or Boolean,instead of String. N O TE

104. Chapter 17: JavaScript Array Object 97 Now, the following code line: document.write(myCars[0]); results in the following output: Opel Examples The following example demonstrates how to create an array, assign values to it, and write the values to the output. Your results are shown in Figure 17.1. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var mycars = new Array(); mycars[0] = "Saab"; mycars[1] = "Volvo"; mycars[2] = "BMW"; for (i=0;i<mycars.length;i++) { document.write(mycars[i] + "<br />"); } </script> </body> </html> Figure 17.1

105. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 98 The following example demonstrates how to use a for...in statement to loop through the elements of an array. Your results are shown in Figure 17.2. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var x; var mycars = new Array(); mycars[0] = "Saab"; mycars[1] = "Volvo"; mycars[2] = "BMW"; for (x in mycars) { document.write(mycars[x] + "<br />"); } </script> </body> </html> The following example demonstrates how to join two arrays. Your results are shown in Figure 17.3 <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var parents = ["Jani", "Tove"]; var children = ["Cecilie", "Lone"]; var family = parents.concat(children); document.write(family); Figure 17.2

106. Chapter 17: JavaScript Array Object 99 </script> </body> </html> The following example demonstrates how to join three arrays. Your results are shown in Figure 17.4 <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var parents = ["Jani", "Tove"]; var brothers = ["Stale", "Kai Jim", "Borge"]; var children = ["Cecilie", "Lone"]; var family = parents.concat(brothers, children); document.write(family); </script> </body> </html> The following example shows you how to join all elements of an array into a string. Your results are shown in Figure 17.5. <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"]; document.write(fruits.join() + "<br />"); document.write(fruits.join("+") + "<br />"); Figure 17.3 Figure 17.4 (continued)

107. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 100 document.write(fruits.join(" and ")); </script> </body> </html> The following example demonstrates how to remove the last element of an array, and Figure 17.6 shows your results. <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"]; document.write(fruits.pop() + "<br />"); document.write(fruits + "<br />"); document.write(fruits.pop() + "<br />"); document.write(fruits); </script> </body> </html> The following example demonstrates how to add new elements to the end of an array. Your results are shown in Figure 17.7. <html> <body> (continued) Figure 17.5 Figure 17.6

108. Chapter 17: JavaScript Array Object 101 <script type="text/javascript"> var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"]; document.write(fruits.push("Kiwi") + "<br />"); document.write(fruits.push("Lemon","Pineapple") + "<br />"); document.write(fruits); </script> </body> </html> In the following example, you see how to reverse the order of the elements in an array. Your results are shown in Figure 17.8. <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"]; document.write(fruits.reverse()); </script> </body> </html> The following example demonstrates how to remove the first element of an array. Your results are shown in Figure 17.9. <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> Figure 17.7 Figure 17.8 (continued)

109. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 102 var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"]; document.write(fruits.shift() + "<br />"); document.write(fruits + "<br />"); document.write(fruits.shift() + "<br />"); document.write(fruits); </script> </body> </html> The following example demonstrates how to use slice() to select elements from an array. Your results are shown in Figure 17.10. <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"]; document.write(fruits.slice(0,1) + "<br />"); document.write(fruits.slice(1) + "<br />"); document.write(fruits.slice(-2) + "<br />"); document.write(fruits); </script> </body> </html> (continued) Figure 17.9 Figure 17.10

110. Chapter 17: JavaScript Array Object 103 The following three examples demonstrate how to use sort(). The first sort() example shows how to sort alphabetically and ascending. Your results are shown in Figure 17.11. <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"]; document.write(fruits.sort()); </script> </body> </html> The next sort() example demonstrates how to sort numerically and ascending. Your results are shown in Figure 17.12. <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> function sortNumber(a, b) { return a - b; } var n = ["10", "5", "40", "25", "100", "1"]; document.write(n.sort(sortNumber)); </script> </body> </html> Figure 17.11 Figure 17.12

111. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 104 The third sort() example demonstrates how to sort numerically and descending. Your results are shown in Figure 17.13. <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> function sortNumber(a, b) { return b - a; } var n = ["10", "5", "40", "25", "100", "1"]; document.write(n.sort(sortNumber)); </script> </body> </html> The following example demonstrates how to use splice() to add an element to the second position in an array. Your results are shown in Figure 17.14. <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"]; document.write("Removed: " + fruits.splice(2,0,"Lemon") + "<br />"); document.write(fruits); </script> </body> </html> Figure 17.13

112. Chapter 17: JavaScript Array Object 105 The following example shows you how to convert an array to a string. Your results are shown in Figure 17.15. <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"]; document.write(fruits.toString()); </script> </body> </html> The following example shows you how to add new elements to the beginning of an array. Figure 17.16 shows your results. <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"]; document.write(fruits.unshift("Kiwi") + "<br />"); document.write(fruits.unshift("Lemon","Pineapple") + "<br />"); document.write(fruits); </script> <p><b>Note:</b> The unshift() method does not work properly in Internet Explorer, it only returns undefined!</p> Figure 17.14 Figure 17.15 (continued)

113. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 106 </body> </html> You can follow these examples on the w3Schools Web site. For a complete reference of all the properties and methods that can be used with the Array object, go to the complete Array object reference in Appendix A. Figure 17.16 (continued) The unshift() method does not work properly in Internet Explorer, it only returns undefined,as shown in Figure 17.17. N O TE Figure 17.17

114. 107 Chapter 18 JavaScript Boolean Object In This Chapter ❑ Create a Boolean Object ❑ Examples The Boolean object is used to convert a non-Boolean value to a Boolean value (either true or false). Create a Boolean Object The Boolean object represents two values: true or false. The following code creates a Boolean object called myBoolean: var myBoolean=new Boolean(); All the following lines of code create Boolean objects with an initial value of false: var myBoolean=new Boolean(); var myBoolean=new Boolean(0); var myBoolean=new Boolean(null); var myBoolean=new Boolean(""); var myBoolean=new Boolean(false); var myBoolean=new Boolean(NaN); If the Boolean object has no initial value or if it is 0, -0, null,“”, false, undefined,or NaN,the object is set to false.Otherwise,it is true (even with the string“false”)! NOTE

115. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 108 And all the following lines of code create Boolean objects with an initial value of true: var myBoolean=new Boolean(true); var myBoolean=new Boolean("true"); var myBoolean=new Boolean("false"); var myBoolean=new Boolean("Richard"); For a complete reference of all the properties and methods that can be used with the Boolean object, go to the complete Boolean object reference in Appendix A. Examples The following example demonstrates how to check whether a Boolean object is true or false. Your result is shown in Figure 18.1. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type=”text/javascript”> var b1=new Boolean(0); var b2=new Boolean(1); var b3=new Boolean(“”); var b4=new Boolean(null); var b5=new Boolean(NaN); var b6=new Boolean(“false”); document.write(“0 is boolean “+ b1 +”<br />”); document.write(“1 is boolean “+ b2 +”<br />”); document.write(“An empty string is boolean “+ b3 + “<br />”); document.write(“null is boolean “+ b4+ “<br />”); document.write(“NaN is boolean “+ b5 +”<br />”); document.write(“The string ‘false’ is boolean “+ b6 +”<br />”); </script> </body> </html>

116. Chapter 18: JavaScript Boolean Object 109 Figure 18.1

117. 110 Chapter 19 JavaScript Math Object In This Chapter ❑ Math Object ❑ Mathematical Constants ❑ Mathematical Methods ❑ Examples The Math object allows you to perform mathematical tasks. Math Object The Math object allows you to perform mathematical tasks. The Math object includes several mathematical constants and methods. The syntax for using properties/methods of Math is as follows: var pi_value=Math.PI; var sqrt_value=Math.sqrt(16); Mathematical Constants JavaScript provides eight mathematical constants that can be accessed from the Math object. These are E, PI, square root of 2, square root of 1/2, natural log of 2, natural log of 10, base-2 log of E, and base-10 log of E. You may reference these constants from your JavaScript like this: The Math object is provided by JavaScript and does not need to be created by the programmer. In fact, trying to create a Math object using new() will result in a JavaScript error. N O TE

118. Chapter 19: JavaScript Math Object 111 Math.E Math.PI Math.SQRT2 Math.SQRT1_2 Math.LN2 Math.LN10 Math.LOG2E Math.LOG10E Mathematical Methods In addition to the mathematical constants that can be accessed from the Math object, several methods also are available. The following example uses the round() method of the Math object to round a number to the nearest integer: document.write(Math.round(4.7)); The preceding code results in the following output: 5 The following example uses the random() method of the Math object to return a random number between 0 and 1: document.write(Math.random()); The preceding code can result in the following output: 0.07730209357983464 The following example uses the floor() and random() methods of the Math object to return a random number between 0 and 10: document.write(Math.floor(Math.random()*11)); The preceding code can result in the following output: 1 For a complete reference of all the properties and methods that can be used with the Math object, go to the complete Math object reference in Appendix A.

119. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 112 Examples The following example demonstrates how to use round(). Your results are shown in Figure 19.1. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type=”text/javascript”> document.write(Math.round(0.60) + “<br />”); document.write(Math.round(0.50) + “<br />”); document.write(Math.round(0.49) + “<br />”); document.write(Math.round(-4.40) + “<br />”); document.write(Math.round(-4.60)); </script> </body> </html> The following example demonstrates how to use random() to return a random number between 0 and 1 as shown in Figure 19.2. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type=”text/javascript”> //return a random number between 0 and 1 Figure 19.1

120. Chapter 19: JavaScript Math Object 113 document.write(Math.random() + “<br />”); //return a random integer between 0 and 10 document.write(Math.floor(Math.random()*11)); </script> </body> </html> The following example demonstrates how to use max() to return the largest of the specified values. Your results are shown in Figure 19.3. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type=”text/javascript”> document.write(Math.max(5,10) + “<br />”); document.write(Math.max(0,150,30,20,38) + “<br />”); document.write(Math.max(-5,10) + “<br />”); document.write(Math.max(-5,-10) + “<br />”); document.write(Math.max(1.5,2.5)); </script> </body> </html> Figure 19.2 Figure 19.3

121. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 114 The following example shows how to use min() to return the smallest of the specified values. Your results are shown in Figure 19.4. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type=”text/javascript”> document.write(Math.min(5,10) + “<br />”); document.write(Math.min(0,150,30,20,38) + “<br />”); document.write(Math.min(-5,10) + “<br />”); document.write(Math.min(-5,-10) + “<br />”); document.write(Math.min(1.5,2.5)); </script> </body> </html> Figure 19.4

122. 115 Chapter 20 JavaScript RegExp Object In This Chapter ❑ What Is RegExp? ❑ RegExp Modifiers ❑ test() ❑ exec() RegExp is short for regular expression. What Is RegExp? A regular expression is an object that describes a pattern of characters. When you search in a text, you can use a pattern to describe what you are searching for. A simple pattern can be a single character. A more complicated pattern can consist of more characters and can be used for parsing, format checking, substitution, and more. Regular expressions are used to perform powerful pattern-matching and search- and-replace functions on text. The syntax is as follows: var txt=new RegExp(pattern,modifiers); or more simply: var txt=/pattern/modifiers;

123. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 116 The syntax follows a couple of general guidelines: 8 The pattern specifies the pattern of an expression. 8 The modifiers specify whether a search should be global, case-sensitive, and so on. RegExp Modifiers Modifiers are used to perform case-insensitive and global searches. The i modifier is used to perform case-insensitive matching. The g modifier is used to perform a global match (find all matches rather than stopping after the first match). The following example demonstrates how to do a case-insensitive search for “w3schools” in a string: var str="Visit W3Schools"; var patt1=/w3schools/i; Your results are shown in Figure 20.1. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var str = "Visit W3Schools"; var patt1 = /w3schools/i; document.write(str.match(patt1)); </script> </body> </html> Figure 20.1

124. Chapter 20: JavaScript RegExp Object 117 The following example demonstrates how to do a global search for “is”: var str="Is this all there is?"; var patt1=/is/g; Your results are shown in Figure 20.2. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var str="Is this all there is?"; var patt1=/is/g; document.write(str.match(patt1)); </script> </body> </html> The following example demonstrates how to do a global, case-insensitive search for “is”: var str="Is this all there is?"; var patt1=/is/gi; Your results are shown in Figure 20.3. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> Figure 20.2 (continued)

125. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 118 <script type="text/javascript"> var str="Is this all there is?"; var patt1=/is/gi; document.write(str.match(patt1)); </script> </body> </html> test() The test() method searches a string for a specified value and returns true or false, depending on the result. The following example searches a string for the character “e”: var patt1=new RegExp("e"); document.write(patt1.test("The best things in life are free")); Because there is an “e” in the string, the output of the preceding code is as follows: true Your results are shown in Figure 20.4. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var patt1=new RegExp("e"); Figure 20.3 (continued)

126. Chapter 20: JavaScript RegExp Object 119 document.write(patt1.test("The best things in life are free")); </script> </body> </html> exec() The exec() method searches a string for a specified value and returns the text of the found value. If no match is found, it returns null. The following example searches a string for the character “e”: var patt1=new RegExp("e"); document.write(patt1.exec("The best things in life are free")); Because there is an “e” in the string, the output of the preceding code is: e Your results are shown in Figure 20.5. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var patt1=new RegExp("e"); document.write(patt1.exec("The best things in life are free")); </script> </body> </html> Figure 20.4

127. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 120 For a complete reference of all the properties and methods that can be used with the RegExp object, go to the complete RegExp object reference in Appendix A. Figure 20.5

128. 121 Section III JavaScript Advanced ❑ Chapter 21: JavaScript Browser Detection ❑ Chapter 22: JavaScript Cookies ❑ Chapter 23: JavaScript Form Validation ❑ Chapter 24: JavaScript Animation ❑ Chapter 25: JavaScript Image Maps ❑ Chapter 26: JavaScript Timing Events ❑ Chapter 27: Create Your Own Objects with JavaScript

129. 123 Chapter 21 JavaScript Browser Detection In This Chapter ❑ Browser Detection ❑ The Navigator Object The Navigator object contains information about the visitor’s browser. Browser Detection Almost everything in this tutorial works on all JavaScript-enabled browsers. How- ever, some things just don’t work on certain browsers—especially on older browsers. So, sometimes it can be very useful to detect the visitor’s browser and then serve up the appropriate information. The best way to do this is to make your Web pages smart enough to look one way to some browsers and another way to other browsers. The Navigator object can be used for this purpose. The Navigator object contains information about the visitor’s browser name, version, and more. No public standard applies to the Navigator object,but all major browsers support it. N O T E

130. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 124 The Navigator Object The Navigator object contains all information about the visitor’s browser. We are going to look at two properties of the Navigator object: 8 appName—holds the name of the browser 8 appVersion—holds, among other things, the version of the browser Your results are shown in Figure 21.1. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var browser=navigator.appName; var b_version=navigator.appVersion; var version=parseFloat(b_version); document.write("Browser name: "+ browser); document.write("<br />"); document.write("Browser version: "+ version); </script> </body> </html> The variable “browser” in the preceding example holds the name of the browser, that is, “Netscape” or “Microsoft Internet Explorer.” The appVersion property in the preceding example returns a string that contains much more information than just the version number, but for now we are only interested in the version number. To pull the version number out of the string, we are using a function called parseFloat(), which pulls the first thing that looks like a decimal number out of a string and returns it. Figure 21.1 To find the version number in IE 5.0 and later,you will have to dig a little deeper into either the appVersion or userAgent property.The IE version will be in the form “MSIE x.x”so use a regular expression such as /MSIE d.d;/.exec(navigator. userAgent)to return a string containing the specific IE version. T I P

131. Chapter 21: JavaScript Browser Detection 125 The following example displays a different alert, depending on the visitor’s browser. The alert box is shown in Figure 21.2. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function detectBrowser() { var browser=navigator.appName; var b_version=navigator.appVersion; var version=parseFloat(b_version); if ((browser=="Netscape"||browser=="Microsoft Internet Ex- plorer") && (version>=4)) { alert("Your browser is good enough!"); } else { alert("It's time to upgrade your browser!"); } } </script> </head> <body onload="detectBrowser()"> </body> </html> Figure 21.2

132. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 126 The following example provides more rules about the visitor’s browser. Your results are shown in Figure 21.3. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write("<p>Browser: "); document.write(navigator.appName + "</p>"); document.write("<p>Browserversion: "); document.write(navigator.appVersion + "</p>"); document.write("<p>Code: "); document.write(navigator.appCodeName + "</p>"); document.write("<p>Platform: "); document.write(navigator.platform + "</p>"); document.write("<p>Cookies enabled: "); document.write(navigator.cookieEnabled + "</p>"); document.write("<p>Browser's user agent header: "); document.write(navigator.userAgent + "</p>"); </script> </body> </html> Figure 21.3

133. Chapter 21: JavaScript Browser Detection 127 The following example provides ALL the details about the visitor’s browser. Your results are shown in Figure 21.4. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> var x = navigator; document.write("CodeName=" + x.appCodeName); document.write("<br />"); document.write("MinorVersion=" + x.appMinorVersion); document.write("<br />"); document.write("Name=" + x.appName); document.write("<br />"); document.write("Version=" + x.appVersion); document.write("<br />"); document.write("CookieEnabled=" + x.cookieEnabled); document.write("<br />"); document.write("CPUClass=" + x.cpuClass); document.write("<br />"); document.write("OnLine=" + x.onLine); document.write("<br />"); document.write("Platform=" + x.platform); document.write("<br />"); document.write("UA=" + x.userAgent); document.write("<br />"); document.write("BrowserLanguage=" + x.browserLanguage); document.write("<br />"); document.write("SystemLanguage=" + x.systemLanguage); document.write("<br />"); document.write("UserLanguage=" + x.userLanguage); </script> </body> </html>

134. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 128 Figure 21.4

135. 129 Chapter 22 JavaScript Cookies In This Chapter ❑ What Is a Cookie? ❑ Create and Store a Cookie A cookie is often used to identify a user. What Is a Cookie? A cookie is a variable that is stored on the visitor’s computer. Each time the same computer requests a page with a browser, it sends the cookie, too. With JavaScript, you can both create and retrieve cookie values. Examples of cookies: 8 Name cookie. The first time a visitor arrives on your Web page, she must fill in her name. The name then is stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, she could get a welcome message like “Welcome Jane Doe!” The name is retrieved from the stored cookie. 8 Password cookie. The first time a visitor arrives on your Web page, she must fill in a password. The password then is stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, the password is retrieved from the cookie. 8 Date cookie. The first time a visitor arrives to your Web page, the current date is stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, she could get a message like “Your last visit was on Tuesday, August 11, 2005!” The date is retrieved from the stored cookie.

136. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 130 Create and Store a Cookie In this example we create a cookie that stores the name of a visitor. The first time a visitor arrives at the Web page, she is asked to fill in her name. The name then is stored in a cookie. The next time the visitor arrives at the same page, she sees a welcome message. First, we create a function that stores the name of the visitor in a cookie variable: function setCookie(c_name,value,expiredays) { var exdate=new Date(); exdate.setDate(exdate.getDate()+expiredays); document.cookie=c_name+ "=" +escape(value)+ ((expiredays==null) ? "" : ";expires="+exdate.toGMTString()); } The parameters of the preceding function hold the name of the cookie, the value of the cookie, and the number of days until the cookie expires. In the preceding function, we first convert the number of days to a valid date and then we add the number of days until the cookie should expire. After that, we store the cookie name, cookie value, and the expiration date in the document.cookie object. Then we create another function that checks whether the cookie has been set: function getCookie(c_name) { if (document.cookie.length>0) { c_start=document.cookie.indexOf(c_name + "="); if (c_start!=-1) { c_start=c_start + c_name.length+1; c_end=document.cookie.indexOf(";",c_start); if (c_end==-1) c_end=document.cookie.length; return unescape(document.cookie.substring(c_start,c_ end)); } } return ""; }

137. Chapter 22: JavaScript Cookies 131 The preceding function first checks whether a cookie is stored at all in the document.cookie object. If the document.cookie object holds some cookies, then check to see whether our specific cookie is stored. If our cookie is found, then return the value; if not, return an empty string. Last, we create the function that displays a welcome message if the cookie is set, and if the cookie is not set, it displays a prompt box asking for the name of the user: function checkCookie() { username=getCookie('username'); if (username!=null && username!="") { alert('Welcome again '+username+'!'); } else { username=prompt('Please enter your name:',""); if (username!=null && username!="") { setCookie('username',username,365); } } } The following example runs the checkCookie() function when the page loads. The resulting dialog box is shown in Figure 22.1. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function getCookie(c_name) { if (document.cookie.length>0) { c_start=document.cookie.indexOf(c_name + "="); if (c_start!=-1) { c_start=c_start + c_name.length+1 ; c_end=document.cookie.indexOf(";",c_start); if (c_end==-1) c_end=document.cookie.length (continued)

138. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 132 return unescape(document.cookie.substring(c_start,c_ end)); } } return "" } function setCookie(c_name,value,expiredays) { var exdate=new Date(); exdate.setDate(exdate.getDate()+expiredays); document.cookie=c_name+ "=" +escape(value)+((expiredays= =null) ? "" : "; expires="+exdate.toGMTString()); } function checkCookie() { username=getCookie('username'); if (username!=null && username!="") { alert('Welcome again '+username+'!'); } else { username=prompt('Please enter your name:',""); if (username!=null && username!="") { setCookie('username',username,365); } } } </script> </head> <body onLoad="checkCookie()"> </body> </html> (continued)

139. Chapter 22: JavaScript Cookies 133 Figure 22.1

140. 134 Chapter 23 JavaScript Form Validation In This Chapter ❑ Required Fields ❑ E-mail Validation JavaScript can be used to validate data in HTML forms before sending off the content to a server. Form data that typically are checked by a JavaScript could be: 8 Has the user left required fields empty? 8 Has the user entered a valid e-mail address? 8 Has the user entered a valid date? 8 Has the user entered text in a numeric field? Required Fields The following function checks whether a required field has been left empty. If the required field is blank, an alert is displayed, and the function returns false. If a value is entered, the function returns true (means that data is OK): function validate_required(field,alerttxt) { with (field) { if (value==null||value==””) { alert(alerttxt);return false; } else

141. Chapter 23: JavaScript Form Validation 135 { return true; } } } The entire script with the HTML form could look something like this: <html> <head> <script type=”text/javascript”> function validate_required(field,alerttxt) { with (field) { if (value==null||value==””) { alert(alerttxt);return false; } else { return true; } } } function validate_form(thisform) { with (thisform) { if (validate_required(email,”Email must be filled out!”)==false) {email.focus();return false;} } } </script> </head> <body> (continued)

142. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 136 <form action=”submit.htm” onsubmit=”return validate_ form(this)” method=”post”> Email: <input type=”text” name=”email” size=”30”> <input type=”submit” value=”Submit”> </form> </body> </html> E-mail Validation The following function checks whether the content follows the general syntax of an e-mail address. This means that the input data must contain at least an @ sign and a dot (.). Also, the @ must not be the first character of the e-mail address, and the last dot must at least be one character after the @ sign: function validate_email(field,alerttxt) { with (field) { apos=value.indexOf(“@”); dotpos=value.lastIndexOf(“.”); if (apos<1||dotpos-apos<2) {alert(alerttxt);return false;} else {return true;} } } The entire script with the HTML form could look something like this: <html> <head> <script type=”text/javascript”> function validate_email(field,alerttxt) { This function only checks that the content appears to be an e-mail with the proper format.It does not verify that the e-mail address actually exists. NOTE (continued)

143. Chapter 23: JavaScript Form Validation 137 with (field) { apos=value.indexOf(“@”); dotpos=value.lastIndexOf(“.”); if (apos<1||dotpos-apos<2) {alert(alerttxt);return false;} else {return true;} } } function validate_form(thisform) { with (thisform) { if (validate_email(email,”Not a valid e-mail address!”)==false) {email.focus();return false;} } } </script> </head> <body> <form action=”submit.htm” onsubmit=”return validate_ form(this);” method=get”> Email: <input type=”text” name=”email” size=”30”> <input type=”submit” value=”Submit”> </form> </body> </html>

144. 138 Chapter 24 JavaScript Animation In This Chapter ❑ The HTML Code ❑ The JavaScript Code ❑ The Entire Code With JavaScript, we can create animated images. The trick is to let a JavaScript change between different images on different events. In the following example, we add an image that should act as a link button on a Web page. We then add an onMouseOver event and an onMouseOut event that will run two JavaScript functions that change between the images. The HTML Code The HTML code looks like this: <a href="http://www.w3schools.com" target="_blank"> <img border="0" alt="Visit w3schools!" src="b_pink.gif" id="b1" onmouseOver="mouseOver()" onmouseOut="mouseOut()" /></a> Note that we have given the image an id, to make it possible for JavaScript to address it later. The onMouseOver event tells the browser that once a mouse is rolled over the image, the browser should execute a function that replaces the image with another image. The onMouseOut event tells the browser that once a mouse is rolled away from the image, another JavaScript function should be executed. This function inserts the original image again.

145. Chapter24: JavaScript Animation 139 The JavaScript Code The changing between the images is done with the following JavaScript: <script type="text/javascript"> function mouseOver() { document.getElementById("b1").src ="b_blue.gif"; } function mouseOut() { document.getElementById("b1").src ="b_pink.gif"; } </script> The function mouseOver() causes the image to shift to “b_blue.gif.” The function mouseOut() causes the image to shift to “b_pink.gif.” The Entire Code In the following example, we combine the HTML and JavaScript code to produce animation. The resulting animation is shown in Figure 24.1. You can try this example on the www.w3schools.com Web site or include you own graphic files in the directory with your html source, substituting for b_blue and b_pink in the html source code. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function mouseOver() { document.getElementById("b1").src ="b_blue.gif"; } function mouseOut() { document.getElementById("b1").src ="b_pink.gif"; } (continued)

146. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 140 </script> </head> <body> <a href="http://www.w3schools.com" target="_blank"> <img border="0" alt="Visit w3schools!" src="b_pink.gif" id="b1" width="26" height="26" onmouseover="mouseOver()" onmouseout="mouseOut()" /></a> </body> </html> Figure 24.1 (continued)

147. 141 Chapter 25 JavaScript Image Maps In This Chapter ❑ HTML Image Maps ❑ Adding Some JavaScript An image map is an image with clickable regions. HTML Image Maps If you’ve read Learn HTML and CSS with w3schools or completed the HTML tutorial on the w3schools Web site, you know that an image map is an image with clickable regions. Normally, each region has an associated hyperlink. Clicking on one of the regions takes you to the associated link. Look at the simple HTML image map. The result of an image map is shown in Figure 25.1. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <img src ="planets.gif" width ="145" height ="126" alt="Planets" usemap="#planetmap" /> <map name="planetmap"> <area shape ="rect" coords ="0,0,82,126" href ="sun.htm" target ="_blank" alt="Sun" /> <area shape ="circle" coords ="90,58,3" (continued)

148. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 142 href ="mercur.htm" target ="_blank" alt="Mercury" /> <area shape ="circle" coords ="124,58,8" href ="venus.htm" target ="_blank" alt="Venus" /> </map> </body> </html> Adding Some JavaScript We can add events (that can call a JavaScript) to the <area> tags inside the image map. The <area> tag supports the onClick, onDblClick, onMouseDown, onMouseUp, onMouseOver, onMouseMove, onMouseOut, onKeyPress, onKey- Down, onKeyUp, onFocus, and onBlur events. Here’s the HTML image-map example, with some JavaScript added. Your results are shown in Figure 25.2. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function writeText(txt) { document.getElementById("desc").innerHTML=txt; } </script> </head> <body> Figure 25.1 (continued)

149. Chapter 25: JavaScript Image Maps 143 <img src ="planets.gif" width ="145" height ="126" alt="Planets" usemap="#planetmap" /> <map name="planetmap"> <area shape ="rect" coords ="0,0,82,126" onMouseOver="writeText('The Sun and the gas giant planets like Jupiter are by far the largest objects in our Solar System.')" href ="sun.htm" target ="_blank" alt="Sun" /> <area shape ="circle" coords ="90,58,3" onMouseOver="writeText('The planet Mercury is very difficult to study from the Earth because it is always so close to the Sun.')" href ="mercur.htm" target ="_blank" alt="Mercury" /> <area shape ="circle" coords ="124,58,8" onMouseOver="writeText('Until the 1960s, Venus was often considered a twin sister to the Earth because Venus is the nearest planet to us, and because the two planets seem to share many characteristics.')" href ="venus.htm" target ="_blank" alt="Venus" /> </map> <p id="desc"></p> </body> </html> Figure 25.2

150. 144 Chapter 26 JavaScript Timing Events In This Chapter ❑ The setTimeout() Method ❑ The clearTimeout() Method With JavaScript, it is possible to execute some code after a specified time interval. This is called timing events. It’s very easy to time events in JavaScript. The two key methods that are used are as follows: 8 setTimeout()—Executes a code some time in the future 8 clearTimeout()—Cancels the setTimeout() The setTimeout() Method The syntax is as follows: var t=setTimeout("javascript statement",milliseconds); The setTimeout() method returns a value. In the preceding statement, the value is stored in a variable called t. If you want to cancel this setTimeout(), you can refer to it using the variable name. The first parameter of setTimeout() is a string that contains a JavaScript statement. This statement could be a statement like "alert('5 seconds!')" or a call to a function, like "alertMsg()". The second parameter indicates how many milliseconds from now you want to execute the first parameter. The setTimeout() and clearTimeout() are both methods of the HTML DOM Window object. N O TE

151. Chapter 26: JavaScript Timing Events 145 When the button is clicked in the following example, an alert box is displayed after 3 seconds. Your results are shown in Figure 26.1. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function timedMsg() { var t=setTimeout("alert('I am displayed after 3 seconds!')",3000); } </script> </head> <body> <form> <input type="button" value="Display alert box!" onClick="timedMsg()" /> </form> </body> </html> To get a timer to work in an infinite loop, you must write a function that calls itself. In the following example, when a button is clicked, the input field starts to count (forever) starting at 0. Notice that you also have a function that checks whether the timer is already run- ning, to avoid creating additional timers if the button is clicked more than once. Your results are shown in Figure 26.2. There are 1000 milliseconds in 1 second.N O TE Figure 26.1

152. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 146 Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> var c=0; var t; var timer_is_on=0; function timedCount() { document.getElementById('txt').value=c; c=c+1; t=setTimeout("timedCount()",1000); } function doTimer() { if (!timer_is_on) { timer_is_on=1; timedCount(); } } </script> </head> <body> <form> <input type="button" value="Start count!" onClick="doTimer()"> <input type="text" id="txt"> </form> <p>Click on the button above. The input field will count forever, starting at 0.</p> </body> </html>

153. Chapter 26: JavaScript Timing Events 147 The following example is another simple timing using the setTimeout() method. Your results are shown in Figure 26.3. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function timedText() { var t1=setTimeout("document.getElementById('txt').value='2 seconds!'",2000); var t2=setTimeout("document.getElementById('txt').value='4 seconds!'",4000); var t3=setTimeout("document.getElementById('txt').value='6 seconds!'",6000); } </script> </head> <body> <form> <input type="button" value="Display timed text!" onclick="timedText()" /> <input type="text" id="txt" /> </form> <p>Click on the button above. The input field will tell you when two, four, and six seconds have passed.</p> </body> </html> Figure 26.2

154. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 148 The following example shows a clock created with a timing event. Your results are shown in Figure 26.4. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function startTime() { var today=new Date(); var h=today.getHours(); var m=today.getMinutes(); var s=today.getSeconds(); // add a zero in front of numbers<10 m=checkTime(m); s=checkTime(s); document.getElementById('txt').innerHTML=h+":"+m+":"+s; t=setTimeout('startTime()',500); } function checkTime(i) { if (i<10) { i="0" + i; } return i; } </script> </head> Figure 26.3

155. Chapter 26: JavaScript Timing Events 149 <body onload="startTime()"> <div id="txt"></div> </body> </html> The clearTimeout() Method The syntax is as follows: clearTimeout(setTimeout_variable) The following example is the same as the previous infinite loop example. The only difference is that we have now added a "Stop Count!" button that stops the timer. Your results are shown in Figure 26.5. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> var c=0; var t; var timer_is_on=0; function timedCount() { document.getElementById('txt').value=c; c=c+1; t=setTimeout("timedCount()",1000); } function doTimer() { Figure 26.4 (continued)

156. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 150 if (!timer_is_on) { timer_is_on=1; timedCount(); } } function stopCount() { clearTimeout(t); timer_is_on=0; } </script> </head> <body> <form> <input type="button" value="Start count!" onclick="doTimer()" /> <input type="text" id="txt" /> <input type="button" value="Stop count!" onclick="stopCount()" /> </form> <p> Click on the "Start count!" button above to start the timer. The input field will count forever, starting at 0. Click on the "Stop count!" button to stop the counting. Click on the "Start count!" button to start the timer again. </p> </body> </html> Figure 26.5 (continued)

157. 151 Chapter 27 Create your own objects with JavaScript In This Chapter ❑ JavaScript Objects ❑ Creating Your Own Objects Objects are useful to organize information. JavaScript Objects Earlier in this book, you learned that JavaScript has several built-in objects, like String, Date, Array, and more. In addition to these built-in objects, you also can create your own. An object is just a special kind of data, a collection of properties and methods. Let’s illustrate with an example and create an object that models a person. Proper- ties are the values associated with the object. The person’s properties include name, height, weight, age, skin tone, eye color, and so on. All persons have these properties, but the values of those properties differ from person to person. Objects also have methods. Methods are the actions that can be performed on objects. The person’s methods could be eat(), sleep(), work(), play(), and so on. Properties The syntax for accessing a property of an object is as follows: objName.propName

158. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 152 You can add a property to an object by simply giving it a value. Assume that the personObj already exists; you can give it properties named firstname, lastname, age, and eyecolor as follows: personObj.firstname="John"; personObj.lastname="Doe"; personObj.age=30; personObj.eyecolor="blue"; document.write(personObj.firstname); The preceding code generates the following output: John Methods An object also can contain methods. You can call a method with the following syntax: objName.methodName() To call a method called sleep() for the personObj: personObj.sleep(); If the sleep() method accepts a parameter for the number of hours, it could be called like this: personObj.sleep(8) Creating Your Own Objects There are two ways to create a new object: You can create a direct instance of an object, or you can create a template of an object. Create a Direct Instance of an Object The following code creates an instance of an object and adds four properties to it: personObj=new Object(); personObj.firstname="John"; Parameters required for the method can be passed between the parentheses. NOTE

159. Chapter 27: Create Your Own Objects with JavaScript 153 personObj.lastname="Doe"; personObj.age=50; personObj.eyecolor="blue"; Adding a method to the personObj is also simple. The following code adds a method called eat() to the personObj: personObj.eat=eat; In the following example, you create a direct instance of an object. Your results are shown in Figure 27.1. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> personObj=new Object(); personObj.firstname="John"; personObj.lastname="Doe"; personObj.age=50; personObj.eyecolor="blue"; document.write(personObj.firstname + " is " + personObj.age + " years old."); </script> </body> </html> Figure 27.1

160. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 154 Create a Template of an Object The template defines the structure of an object so that you can more easily create multiple instances of that object: function person(firstname,lastname,age,eyecolor) { this.firstname=firstname; this.lastname=lastname; this.age=age; this.eyecolor=eyecolor; } Notice that the template is just a function. It is also called a constructor. Inside the constructor, you add the properties and methods that will belong to each subsequent instance of the object. When you use person as a constructor for more than one object, you must include the “this” keyword. JavaScript uses “this” to assign the properties to the specific object created with the “new” keyword. In the following example, you create a template for an object. Your results are shown in Figure 27.2. Try it yourself >> <html> <body> <script type="text/javascript"> function person(firstname,lastname,age,eyecolor) { this.firstname=firstname; this.lastname=lastname; this.age=age; this.eyecolor=eyecolor; } myFather=new person("John","Doe",50,"blue"); document.write(myFather.firstname + " is " + myFather.age + " years old."); </script>

161. Chapter 27: Create Your Own Objects with JavaScript 155 </body> </html> After you have the template, you can create new instances of the object, like this: myFather=new person("John","Doe",50,"blue"); myMother=new person("Sally","Rally",48,"green"); You can also add some methods to the person object. This is also done inside the template: function person(firstname,lastname,age,eyecolor) { this.firstname=firstname; this.lastname=lastname; this.age=age; this.eyecolor=eyecolor; this.newlastname=newlastname; } Note that methods are just functions attached to objects. Then you will have to write the newlastname() function: function newlastname(new_lastname) { this.lastname=new_lastname; } The newlastname() function defines the person’s new last name and assigns that to the person. JavaScript knows which person you’re talking about by using “this.” So, now you can write: myMother.newlastname("Doe"). Figure 27.2

162. 157 Section IV AJAX Basic ❑ Chapter 28: AJAX XMLHttpRequest ❑ Chapter 29: AJAX Browser Support ❑ Chapter 30: AJAX—The XMLHttpRequest Object’s Methods and Properties ❑ Chapter 31: AJAX Server

163. 159 Chapter 28 AJAX XMLHttpRequest In This Chapter ❑ AJAX Uses the XMLHttpRequest Object ❑ The XMLHttpRequest Object ❑ AJAX Example ❑ Your First AJAX Application AJAX Uses the XMLHttpRequest Object To get or send information from/to a database or a file on the server with traditional JavaScript, you will have to make an HTML form. A user will have to click the Submit button to send/get the information and wait for the server to respond. Then a new page will load with the results. Because the server returns a new page each time the user submits input, traditional Web applications can run slowly and tend to be less user friendly. With AJAX, your JavaScript communicates directly with the server through the JavaScript XMLHttpRequest object. With the XMLHttpRequest object, a Web page can make a request to, and get a response from a Web server—without reloading the page. The user will stay on the same page, and he will not notice that scripts request pages or send data to a server in the background. The XMLHttpRequest Object By using the XMLHttpRequest object, a Web developer can update a page with data from the server after the page has loaded!

164. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 160 AJAX was made popular in 2005 by Google (with Google Suggest). Google Suggest is using the XMLHttpRequest object to create a very dynamic Web interface: When you start typing in Google’s search box, a JavaScript sends the letters off to a server, and the server returns a list of suggestions. The XMLHttpRequest object is supported in all major browsers (Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, and Safari). Your First AJAX Application To understand how AJAX works, we will create a small AJAX application. We will create an AJAX application from scratch. The application will use two click buttons to fetch data from a server and display the information in a Web page without reloading the page itself. First, create a small HTML page with a short <div> section. The <div> section will be used to display alternative information requested from a server. To identify the <div> section, we use an id=”test” attribute: <html> <body> <div id="test"> <h2>Clickto let AJAX change this text</h2> </div> <body> </html> Then we add two simple <buttons>. When they are clicked the buttons will call a function loadXMLDoc(): <button type="button" onclick="loadXMLDoc(‘test1.txt’)">Click Me</button> <button type="button" onclick="loadXMLDoc(‘test2.txt’)">Click Me</button> Finally, we add a <script> to the page’s <head> section to contain the loadXML Doc() function: <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function loadXMLDoc(url) {

165. Chapter 28: AJAX XMLHttpRequest 161 .... Your AJAX script goes here ... } </script> </head> The next chapters explain the script (using AJAX) and how to make the application work. The various supporting files and images, including the test1.txt and test2.txt files, are accessed when completing this tutorial online at www. w3schools.com. Your results are shown in Figure 28.1. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function loadXMLDoc(url) { if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {// code for IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); } else {// code for IE6, IE5 xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } xmlhttp.open("GET",url,false); xmlhttp.send(null); document.getElementById(‘test’).innerHTML=xmlhttp.response- Text; } </script> </head> <body> <div id="test"> <h2>Clickto let AJAX change this text</h2> (continued)

166. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 162 </div> <button type="button" onclick="loadXMLDoc(‘test1.txt’)">Click Me</button> <button type="button" onclick="loadXMLDoc(‘test2.txt’)">Click Me</button> </body> </html> Figure 28.1 (continued)

167. 163 Chapter 29 AJAX Browser Support In This Chapter ❑ The XMLHttpRequest ❑ All Together Now The keystone of AJAX is the XMLHttpRequest object. The XMLHttpRequest All new browsers support a new built-in JavaScript XMLHttpRequest object (IE5 and IE6 use an ActiveXObject). The XMLHttpRequest object can be used to request information (data) from a server. Let’s update our HTML file with a JavaScript in the <head> section: function loadXMLDoc(url) { if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {// code for IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); } else {// code for IE6, IE5 xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } xmlhttp.open("GET",url,false); xmlhttp.send(null); document.getElementById(‘test’).innerHTML=xmlhttp.response- Text; }

168. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 164 Try to create an XMLHttpRequest object: xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest() If not (if IE5 or IE6), create an ActiveXObject: xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP") Open the request object: xmlhttp.open("GET",url,false) Send your request to your server: xmlhttp.send(null) Update your page with the response from the server: document.getElementById(‘test’).innerHTML=xmlhttp.response- Text In Chapter 30, “AJAX—the XMLHttpRequest Object”, you learn more about the XMLHttpRequest. All Together Now The following example puts what you’ve learned all together. Your results are shown in Figure 29.1. Try it yourself >> <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript"> function loadXMLDoc(url) { if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {// code for IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest(); The preceding code can be used every time you need to create an XML HttpRequest object,so just copy and paste it whenever you need it. N OTE

169. Chapter 29: AJAX Browser Support 165 } else {// code for IE6, IE5 xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } xmlhttp.open("GET",url,false); xmlhttp.send(null); document.getElementById(‘test’).innerHTML=xmlhttp.response- Text; } </script> </head> <body> <div id="test"> <h2>Click to let AJAX change this text</h2> </div> <button type="button" onclick="loadXMLDoc(‘test1.txt’)">Click Me</button> <button type="button" onclick="loadXMLDoc(‘test2.txt’)">Click Me</button> </body> </html> Figure 29.1

170. 166 Chapter 30 AJAX—The XMLHttpRequest Object’s Methods and Properties In This Chapter ❑ Important Methods ❑ Sending an AJAX Request to a Server ❑ Important Properties ❑ The responseText Property ❑ XMLHttpRequest Open—Using False ❑ XMLHttpRequest Open—Using True ❑ The readyState Property ❑ The onreadystatechange Property In this chapter, you learn about important methods and properties of the XML HttpRequest object. Important Methods The XMLHttpRequest object has two important methods: 8 The open() method 8 The send() method

171. Chapter 30: AJAX—The XMLHttpRequest Object’s Methods and Objects 167 Sending an AJAX Request to a Server To send a request to a Web server, use the open() and send() methods. The open() method takes three arguments. The first argument defines which method to use (GET or POST). The second argument specifies the name of the server resource (URL). The third argument specifies if the request should be handled asynchronously. The send() method sends the request off to the server. If we assume the file requested is called time.asp, the code would be: url="time.asp" xmlhttp.open("GET",url,true); xmlhttp.send(null); In the example, we assume that the current Web page and the requested resource are both in the same file directory. Important Properties The XMLHttpRequest object has three important properties: 8 The responseText property 8 The readyState property 8 The onreadystatechange property The responseText Property The XMLHttpRequest object stores any data retrieved from a server as a result of a server request in its responseText property. In the previous chapter, you copied the content of the responseText property into your HTML with the following statement: document.getElementById('test').innerHTML=xmlhttp.response- Text XMLHttpRequest Open—Using False In the previous examples, we used this simplified syntax: xmlhttp.open("GET",url,false); xmlhttp.send(null); document.getElementById('test').innerHTML=xmlhttp. responseText;

172. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 168 The third parameter in the open call is “false”. This tells the XMLHttpRequest object to wait until the server request is completed before next statement is executed. For small applications and simple server requests, this might be OK. But if the request takes a long time or cannot be served, this might cause your Web application to hang or stop. XMLHttpRequest Open—Using True By changing the third parameter in the open call to “true”, you tell the XMLHttpRe- quest object to continue the execution after the request to the server has been sent. Because you cannot simply start using the response from the server request before you are sure the request has been completed, you need to set the onreadystatechange property of the XMLHttpRequest, to a function (or name of a function) to be executed after completion. In this onreadystatechange function, you must test the readyState property before you can use the result of the server call. Simply change the code to xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=function() { if(xmlhttp.readyState==4) HB: // request is complete {document.getElementById('test').innerHTML=xmlhttp. responseText} } xmlhttp.open("GET",url,true); xmlhttp.send(null); The readyState Property The readyState property holds the status of the server’s response. Possible values for the readyState property are shown in the following table. State Description 0 The request is not initialized 1 The request has been set up 2 The request has been sent 3 The request is in process 4 The request is complete

173. Chapter 30: AJAX—The XMLHttpRequest Object’s Methods and Objects 169 The onreadystatechange Property The onreadystatechange property stores a function (or the name of a function) to be called automatically each time the readyState property changes. You can define the entire function in the property like this: xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=function() { if(xmlhttp.readyState==4) {document.getElementById('test').innerHTML=xmlhttp. responseText} } xmlhttp.open("GET",url,true); xmlhttp.send(null); Or you can simply store the name of a function that is defined elsewhere, like this: xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=state_Change xmlhttp.open("GET",url,true); xmlhttp.send(null); ... ... ... function state_Change() { if(xmlhttp.readyState==4) {document.getElementById('test').innerHTML=xmlhttp. responseText} }

174. 170 Chapter 31 AJAX Server In This Chapter ❑ XMLHttpRequest Object Can Request Any Data ❑ Requesting Files ❑ Submitting Forms There is no such thing as an AJAX server. XMLHttpRequest Object Can Request Any Data With the XMLHttpRequest object, you can request any Web resource from a server. You can request TXT files, HTML files, XML files, pictures, or any data that is accessible from the Internet. Requesting Files Many AJAX applications request pure text files to retrieve data for the application. A very common AJAX method is to request XML files to retrieve application data. Requesting an ASP or PHP file is the most common way to access database information. Requesting HTML files is a common method for filling out different information on a Web page. AJAX is about creating clever applications that can use the data.N O TE

175. Chapter 31: AJAX Server 171 Submitting Forms With AJAX, you can easily submit form data without having to reload the page. In the following chapters, we request data and files and learn how to submit forms.

176. 173 Section V AJAX Advanced ❑ Chapter 32: AJAX Suggest ❑ Chapter 33: AJAX Database Example ❑ Chapter 34: AJAX XML Example ❑ Chapter 35: AJAX ResponseXML Example

177. 175 Chapter 32 AJAX Suggest In This Chapter ❑ The HTML Form ❑ The showHint() Function ❑ The GetXmlHttpObject() Function ❑ The stateChanged() Function ❑ AJAX Suggest Source Code AJAX can be used to create more interactive applications. The following AJAX example demonstrates how a Web page can communicate with a Web server while a user enters data into an HTML form. For this example, use the name “Kelly.” Note what happens as you type a name in the input field, as shown in Figure 32.1. The HTML Form The preceding form has the following HTML code: <form> First Name: <input type="text" id="txt1" onkeyup="showHint(this.value)" /> </form> <p>Suggestions: <span id="txtHint"></span></p> It is just a simple HTML form with an input field called "txt1". Figure 32.1

178. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 176 An event attribute for the input field defines a function to be triggered by the onkeyup event. The paragraph below the form contains a span called "txtHint". The span is used as a placeholder for data retrieved from the Web server. When a user inputs data, the function called "showHint()" is executed. The execution of the function is triggered by the "onkeyup" event. In other words, each time a user presses and then releases a key inside the input field, the function showHint is called. The showHint() Function The showHint() function is a very simple JavaScript function placed in the <head> section of the HTML page: var xmlhttp; function showHint(str) { if (str.length==0) { document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML=""; return; } xmlhttp=GetXmlHttpObject(); if (xmlhttp==null) { alert ("Your browser does not support XMLHTTP!"); return; } var url = "gethint.asp"; url = url + "?q =" +str; url = url + "&sid=" +Math.random(); xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=stateChanged; xmlhttp.open("GET",url,true); xmlhttp.send(null); } The preceding function executes every time a character is entered in the input field.

179. Chapter 32: AJAX Suggest 177 If there is input in the input field (str.length > 0), the showHint() function executes the following: 8 Defines the URL (filename) to send to the server 8 Adds a parameter (q) to the URL with the content of the input field 8 Adds a random number to prevent the server from using a cached file 8 Creates an XMLHttp object and tells the object to execute a function called stateChanged when a change is triggered 8 Opens the XMLHttp object with the given URL 8 Sends an HTTP request to the server If the input field is empty, the function simply clears the content of the txtHint placeholder. The GetXmlHttpObject() Function The showHint() function calls a function named GetXmlHttpObject(). The purpose of the GetXmlHttpObject() function is to solve the problem of creating different XMLHttp objects for different browsers: function GetXmlHttpObject() { if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { // code for IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari return new XMLHttpRequest(); } if (window.ActiveXObject) { // code for IE6, IE5 return new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } return null; } The stateChanged() Function The stateChanged() function contains the following code: function stateChanged() { if (xmlhttp.readyState==4) (continued)

180. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 178 { document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML=xmlhttp.re- sponseText; } } The stateChanged() function executes every time the state of the XMLHttp object changes. When the state changes to 4 (“complete”), the content of the txtHint placeholder is filled with the response text. AJAX Suggest Source Code The following source code belongs to the previous AJAX example. You can copy and paste it, and try it yourself. The AJAX HTML Page This is the HTML page. It contains a simple HTML form and a link to a JavaScript. <html> <head> <script src="clienthint.js"></script> </head> <body> <form> First Name: <input type="text" id="txt1" onkeyup="showHint(this.value)" /> </form> <p>Suggestions: <span id="txtHint"></span></p> </body> </html> Be sure to try it on a server with ASP or PHP enabled.N O T E (continued)

181. Chapter 32: AJAX Suggest 179 The AJAX JavaScript This is the JavaScript code, stored in the file clienthint.js: var xmlhttp function showHint(str) { if (str.length==0) { document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML=""; return; } xmlhttp=GetXmlHttpObject(); if (xmlhttp==null) { alert ("Your browser does not support XMLHTTP!"); return; } var url="gethint.asp"; url=url+"?q="+str; url=url+"&sid="+Math.random(); xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=stateChanged; xmlhttp.open("GET",url,true); xmlhttp.send(null); } function stateChanged() { if (xmlhttp.readyState==4) { document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML=xmlhttp.re- sponseText; } } function GetXmlHttpObject() { if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { // code for IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari (continued)

182. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 180 return new XMLHttpRequest(); } if (window.ActiveXObject) { // code for IE6, IE5 return new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } return null; } The AJAX Server Page—ASP and PHP There is no such thing as an AJAX server. AJAX pages can be served by any Internet server. The server page called by the JavaScript in the previous example is a simple ASP file called gethint.asp. Following are two examples of the server page code, one written in ASP and one in PHP. AJAX ASP Example The code in the gethint.asp page is written in VBScript for an Internet Information Server (IIS). It checks an array of names and returns the corresponding names to the client: <% response.expires=-1 dim a(30) 'Fill up array with names a(1)="Anna" a(2)="Brittany" a(3)="Cinderella" a(4)="Diana" a(5)="Eva" a(6)="Fiona" a(7)="Gunda" a(8)="Hege" a(9)="Inga" a(10)="Johanna" a(11)="Kitty" a(12)="Linda" (continued)

183. Chapter 32: AJAX Suggest 181 a(13)="Nina" a(14)="Ophelia" a(15)="Petunia" a(16)="Amanda" a(17)="Raquel" a(18)="Cindy" a(19)="Doris" a(20)="Eve" a(21)="Evita" a(22)="Sunniva" a(23)="Tove" a(24)="Unni" a(25)="Violet" a(26)="Liza" a(27)="Elizabeth" a(28)="Ellen" a(29)="Wenche" a(30)="Vicky" 'get the q parameter from URL q=ucase(request.querystring("q")) 'lookup all hints from array if length of q>0 if len(q)>0 then hint="" for i=1 to 30 if q=ucase(mid(a(i),1,len(q))) then if hint="" then hint=a(i) else hint=hint & " , " & a(i) end if end if next end if 'Output "no suggestion" if no hint were found 'or output the correct values if hint="" then response.write("no suggestion") else (continued)

184. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 182 response.write(hint) end if %> AJAX PHP Example The preceding code can be rewritten in PHP. <?php // Fill up array with names $a[]="Anna"; $a[]="Brittany"; $a[]="Cinderella"; $a[]="Diana"; $a[]="Eva"; $a[]="Fiona"; $a[]="Gunda"; $a[]="Hege"; $a[]="Inga"; $a[]="Johanna"; $a[]="Kitty"; $a[]="Linda"; $a[]="Nina"; $a[]="Ophelia"; $a[]="Petunia"; $a[]="Amanda"; $a[]="Raquel"; $a[]="Cindy"; $a[]="Doris"; $a[]="Eve"; $a[]="Evita"; $a[]="Sunniva"; $a[]="Tove"; $a[]="Unni"; $a[]="Violet"; $a[]="Liza"; $a[]="Elizabeth"; $a[]="Ellen"; To run the entire example in PHP,remember to change the value of the url variable in "clienthint.js" from "gethint.asp" to "gethint.php". N O T E (continued)

185. Chapter 32: AJAX Suggest 183 $a[]="Wenche"; $a[]="Vicky"; //get the q parameter from URL $q=$_GET["q"]; //lookup all hints from array if length of q>0 if (strlen($q) > 0) { $hint=""; for($i=0; $i<count($a); $i++) { if (strtolower($q)==strtolower(substr($a[$i],0,strlen( $q)))) { if ($hint=="") { $hint=$a[$i]; } else { $hint=$hint." , ".$a[$i]; } } } } // Set output to "no suggestion" if no hint were found // or to the correct values if ($hint == "") { $response="no suggestion"; } else { $response=$hint; } //output the response echo $response; ?>

186. 184 Chapter 33 AJAX Database Example In This Chapter ❑ The AJAX JavaScript ❑ The AJAX Server Page AJAX can be used for interactive communication with a database. The example shown in Figure 33.1 demonstrates how a Web page can fetch information from a database with AJAX technology. The preceding example contains a simple HTML form and a link to a JavaScript: <html> <head> <script type="text/javascript" src="selectcustomer.js"></ script> </head> <body> <form> Select a Customer: <select name="customers" onchange="showCustomer(this. value)"> Figure 33.1

187. Chapter 33: AJAX Database Example 185 <option value="ALFKI">Alfreds Futterkiste</option> <option value="NORTS ">North/South</option> <option value="WOLZA">Wolski Zajazd</option> </select> </form> <div id="txtHint"><b>Customer info will be listed here.</ b></div> </body> </html> As you can see, it is just a simple HTML form with a drop-down box called customers. The <div> below the form will be used as a placeholder for info retrieved from the Web server. When the user selects data, a function called showCustomer() is executed. The execution of the function is triggered by the “onchange” event. In other words, each time the user changes the value in the drop-down box, the function show- Customer() is called. The AJAX JavaScript This is the JavaScript code stored in the file selectcustomer.js: var xmlhttp function showCustomer(str) { xmlhttp=GetXmlHttpObject(); if (xmlhttp==null) { alert ("Your browser does not support AJAX!"); return; } var url="getcustomer.asp"; url=url+"?q="+str; url=url+"&sid="+Math.random(); xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=stateChanged; xmlhttp.open("GET",url,true); xmlhttp.send(null); (continued)

188. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 186 } function stateChanged() { if (xmlhttp.readyState==4) { document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML=xmlhttp. responseText; } } function GetXmlHttpObject() { if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { // code for IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari return new XMLHttpRequest(); } if (window.ActiveXObject) { // code for IE6, IE5 return new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } return null; } The AJAX Server Page The server page called by the previous JavaScript script is an ASP file called getcustomer.asp. The ASP page is written in VBScript for an Internet Information Server (IIS). It could easily be rewritten in PHP or some other server language. The code runs a query against a database and returns the result in an HTML table: <% response.expires=-1 sql="SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE CUSTOMERID=" sql=sql & "'" & request.querystring("q") & "'" (continued)

189. Chapter 33: AJAX Database Example 187 set conn=Server.CreateObject("ADODB.Connection") conn.Provider="Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0" conn.Open(Server.Mappath("/db/northwind.mdb")) set rs=Server.CreateObject("ADODB.recordset") rs.Open sql,conn response.write("<table>") do until rs.EOF for each x in rs.Fields response.write("<tr><td><b>" & x.name & "</b></td>") response.write("<td>" & x.value & "</td></tr>") next rs.MoveNext loop response.write("</table>") %>

190. 188 Chapter 34 AJAX XML Example In This Chapter ❑ The AJAX JavaScript ❑ The AJAX Server Page ❑ The XML File AJAX can be used for interactive communication with an XML file. The example in Figure 34.1 demonstrates how a Web page can fetch information from an XML file with AJAX technology. The preceding example contains a simple HTML form and a link to a JavaScript: <html> <head> <script src="selectcd.js"></script> </head> <body> <form> Select a CD: <select name="cds" onchange="showCD(this.value)"> <option value="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</option> <option value="Bonnie Tyler">Bonnie Tyler</option> <option value="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</option> Figure 34.1

191. Chapter 34: AJAX XML Example 189 </select> </form> <div id="txtHint"><b>CD info will be listed here.</b></div> </body> </html> As you can see, it is just a simple HTML form with a simple drop-down box called cds. The <div> below the form will be used as a placeholder for info retrieved from the Web server. When the user selects data, a function called showCD is executed. The execution of the function is triggered by the onchange event. In other words each time the user changes the value in the drop-down box, the function showCD is called. The AJAX JavaScript This is the JavaScript code stored in the file selectcd.js: var xmlhttp function showCD(str) { xmlhttp=GetXmlHttpObject(); if (xmlhttp==null) { alert ("Your browser does not support AJAX!"); return; } var url="getcd.asp"; url=url+"?q="+str; url=url+"&sid="+Math.random(); xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=stateChanged; xmlhttp.open("GET",url,true); xmlhttp.send(null); } function stateChanged() { (continued)

192. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 190 if (xmlhttp.readyState==4) { document.getElementById("txtHint").innerHTML=xmlhttp. responseText; } } function GetXmlHttpObject() { if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { // code for IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari return new XMLHttpRequest(); } if (window.ActiveXObject) { // code for IE6, IE5 return new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } return null; } The AJAX Server Page The server page called by the preceding JavaScript is an ASP file called getcd.asp. The page is written in VBScript for an Internet Information Server (IIS). It could easily be rewritten in PHP or some other server language. The code runs a query against an XML file and returns the result as HTML: <% response.expires=-1 q=request.querystring("q") set xmlDoc=Server.CreateObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM") xmlDoc.async="false" xmlDoc.load(Server.MapPath("cd_catalog.xml")) set nodes=xmlDoc.selectNodes("CATALOG/CD[ARTIST='" & q & "']") (continued)

193. Chapter 34: AJAX XML Example 191 for each x in nodes for each y in x.childnodes response.write("<b>" & y.nodename & ":</b> ") response.write(y.text) response.write("<br />") next next %> The XML File The XML file used in the example is cd_catalog.xml. This document contains a CD collection and appears as follows:  − <CATALOG> − <CD> <TITLE>Empire Burlesque</TITLE> <ARTIST>Bob Dylan</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>USA</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Columbia</COMPANY> <PRICE>10.90</PRICE> <YEAR>1985</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Hide your heart</TITLE> <ARTIST>Bonnie Tyler</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>UK</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>CBS Records</COMPANY> <PRICE>9.90</PRICE> <YEAR>1988</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Greatest Hits</TITLE> <ARTIST>Dolly Parton</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>USA</COUNTRY> (continued)

194. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 192 <COMPANY>RCA</COMPANY> <PRICE>9.90</PRICE> <YEAR>1982</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Still got the blues</TITLE> <ARTIST>Gary Moore</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>UK</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Virgin records</COMPANY> <PRICE>10.20</PRICE> <YEAR>1990</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Eros</TITLE> <ARTIST>Eros Ramazzotti</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>EU</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>BMG</COMPANY> <PRICE>9.90</PRICE> <YEAR>1997</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>One night only</TITLE> <ARTIST>Bee Gees</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>UK</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Polydor</COMPANY> <PRICE>10.90</PRICE> <YEAR>1998</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Sylvias Mother</TITLE> <ARTIST>Dr.Hook</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>UK</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>CBS</COMPANY> <PRICE>8.10</PRICE> <YEAR>1973</YEAR> </CD> (continued)

195. Chapter 34: AJAX XML Example 193 − <CD> <TITLE>Maggie May</TITLE> <ARTIST>Rod Stewart</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>UK</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Pickwick</COMPANY> <PRICE>8.50</PRICE> <YEAR>1990</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Romanza</TITLE> <ARTIST>Andrea Bocelli</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>EU</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Polydor</COMPANY> <PRICE>10.80</PRICE> <YEAR>1996</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>When a man loves a woman</TITLE> <ARTIST>Percy Sledge</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>USA</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Atlantic</COMPANY> <PRICE>8.70</PRICE> <YEAR>1987</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Black angel</TITLE> <ARTIST>Savage Rose</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>EU</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Mega</COMPANY> <PRICE>10.90</PRICE> <YEAR>1995</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>1999 Grammy Nominees</TITLE> <ARTIST>Many</ARTIST> (continued)

196. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 194 <COUNTRY>USA</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Grammy</COMPANY> <PRICE>10.20</PRICE> <YEAR>1999</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>For the good times</TITLE> <ARTIST>Kenny Rogers</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>UK</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Mucik Master</COMPANY> <PRICE>8.70</PRICE> <YEAR>1995</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Big Willie style</TITLE> <ARTIST>Will Smith</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>USA</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Columbia</COMPANY> <PRICE>9.90</PRICE> <YEAR>1997</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Tupelo Honey</TITLE> <ARTIST>Van Morrison</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>UK</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Polydor</COMPANY> <PRICE>8.20</PRICE> <YEAR>1971</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Soulsville</TITLE> <ARTIST>Jorn Hoel</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>Norway</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>WEA</COMPANY> <PRICE>7.90</PRICE> <YEAR>1996</YEAR> (continued)

197. Chapter 34: AJAX XML Example 195 </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>The very best of</TITLE> <ARTIST>Cat Stevens</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>UK</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Island</COMPANY> <PRICE>8.90</PRICE> <YEAR>1990</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Stop</TITLE> <ARTIST>Sam Brown</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>UK</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>A and M</COMPANY> <PRICE>8.90</PRICE> <YEAR>1988</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Bridge of Spies</TITLE> <ARTIST>T'Pau</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>UK</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Siren</COMPANY> <PRICE>7.90</PRICE> <YEAR>1987</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Private Dancer</TITLE> <ARTIST>Tina Turner</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>UK</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Capitol</COMPANY> <PRICE>8.90</PRICE> <YEAR>1983</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Midt om natten</TITLE> (continued)

198. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 196 <ARTIST>Kim Larsen</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>EU</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Medley</COMPANY> <PRICE>7.80</PRICE> <YEAR>1983</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Pavarotti Gala Concert</TITLE> <ARTIST>Luciano Pavarotti</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>UK</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>DECCA</COMPANY> <PRICE>9.90</PRICE> <YEAR>1991</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>The dock of the bay</TITLE> <ARTIST>Otis Redding</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>USA</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Atlantic</COMPANY> <PRICE>7.90</PRICE> <YEAR>1987</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Picture book</TITLE> <ARTIST>Simply Red</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>EU</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>Elektra</COMPANY> <PRICE>7.20</PRICE> <YEAR>1985</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Red</TITLE> <ARTIST>The Communards</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>UK</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>London</COMPANY> <PRICE>7.80</PRICE> (continued)

199. Chapter 34: AJAX XML Example 197 <YEAR>1987</YEAR> </CD> − <CD> <TITLE>Unchain my heart</TITLE> <ARTIST>Joe Cocker</ARTIST> <COUNTRY>USA</COUNTRY> <COMPANY>EMI</COMPANY> <PRICE>8.20</PRICE> <YEAR>1987</YEAR> </CD> </CATALOG>

200. 198 Chapter 35 AJAX ResponseXML Example In This Chapter ❑ The AJAX JavaScript ❑ The AJAX Server Page responseText returns the HTTP response as a string. responseXML returns the response as XML. The responseXML property returns an XML document object, which can be examined and parsed using the DOM (Document Object Model). See Appendix B for a complete listing of the HTML DOM Objects. The example in Figure 35.1 demonstrates how a Web page can fetch information from a database with AJAX technology. The selected data from the database will this time be converted to an XML document, and then we will use the DOM to extract the values to be displayed. The preceding example contains an HTML form, several <span> elements to hold the returned data, and a link to a JavaScript: <html> <head> <script src="selectcustomer_xml.js"></script> </head> <body> <form action=""> Select a Customer: Figure 35.1

201. Chapter 35: AJAX ResponseXML Example 199 <select name="customers" onchange="showCustomer(this. value)"> <option value="ALFKI">Alfreds Futterkiste</option> <option value="NORTS ">North/South</option> <option value="WOLZA">Wolski Zajazd</option> </select> </form> <b><span id="companyname"></span></b><br /> <span id="contactname"></span><br /> <span id="address"></span> <span id="city"></span><br/> <span id="country"></span> </body> </html> The preceding example contains an HTML form with a drop-down box called customers. When the user selects a customer in the drop-down box, a function called showCustomer() is executed. The execution of the function is triggered by the onchange event. In other words. each time the user changes the value in the drop- down box, the function showCustomer() is called. The AJAX JavaScript This is the JavaScript code stored in the file selectcustomer_xml.js: var xmlhttp function showCustomer(str) { xmlhttp=GetXmlHttpObject(); if (xmlhttp==null) { alert ("Your browser does not support AJAX!"); return; } var url="getcustomer_xml.asp"; url=url+"?q="+str; url=url+"&sid="+Math.random(); (continued)

202. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 200 xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=stateChanged; xmlhttp.open("GET",url,true); xmlhttp.send(null); } function stateChanged() { if (xmlhttp.readyState==4) { var xmlDoc=xmlhttp.responseXML.documentElement; document.getElementById("companyname").innerHTML= xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("compname")[0].childNodes[0]. nodeValue; document.getElementById("contactname").innerHTML= xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("contname")[0].childNodes[0]. nodeValue; document.getElementById("address").innerHTML= xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("address")[0].childNodes[0]. nodeValue; document.getElementById("city").innerHTML= xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("city")[0].childNodes[0].node- Value; document.getElementById("country").innerHTML= xmlDoc.getElementsByTagName("country")[0].childNodes[0]. nodeValue; } } function GetXmlHttpObject() { if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { // code for IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari return new XMLHttpRequest(); } if (window.ActiveXObject) { // code for IE6, IE5 return new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP"); } return null; } (continued)

203. Chapter 35: AJAX ResponseXML Example 201 The showCustomer() and GetXmlHttpObject() functions are the same as in previous chapters. The stateChanged() function also is used earlier in this tutorial; however, this time we return the result as an XML document (with response XML) and use the DOM to extract the values we want to be displayed. The AJAX Server Page The server page called by the JavaScript is an ASP file called getcustomer_xml.asp. The page is written in VBScript for an Internet Information Server (IIS). It could easily be rewritten in PHP or some other server language. The code runs a query against a database and returns the result as an XML document: <% response.expires=-1 response.contenttype="text/xml" sql="SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS " sql=sql & " WHERE CUSTOMERID='" & request.querystring("q") & "'" on error resume next set conn=Server.CreateObject("ADODB.Connection") conn.Provider="Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0" conn.Open(Server.Mappath("/db/northwind.mdb")) set rs=Server.CreateObject("ADODB.recordset") rs.Open sql, conn if err <> 0 then response.write(err.description) set rs=nothing set conn=nothing else response.write("<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ISO-8859-1'?>") response.write("<company>") response.write("<compname>" &rs.fields("companyname")& "</ compname>") response.write("<contname>" &rs.fields("contactname")& "</ contname>") response.write("<address>" &rs.fields("address")& " </address>") (continued)

204. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 202 response.write("<city>" &rs.fields("city")& "</city>") response.write("<country>" &rs.fields("country")& " </country>") response.write("</company>") end if on error goto 0 %> Notice the second line in the ASP code: response.contenttype="text/xml". The ContentType property sets the HTTP content type for the response object. The default value for this property is “text/html”. This time we want the content type to be XML. Then we select data from the database and build an XML document with the data. (continued)

205. 203 Appendix A JavaScript Objects In This Appendix ❑ Array Object ❑ Boolean Object ❑ Date Object ❑ Math Object ❑ Number Object ❑ String Object ❑ RegExp Object ❑ Global Properties and Functions Array Object The Array object is used to store multiple values in a single variable. For a tutorial about arrays, see Chapter 17, “JavaScript Array Object.” Array Object Properties Property Description constructor Returns the function that created the Array object’s prototype length Sets or returns the number of elements in an array prototype Allows you to add properties and methods to an object

206. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 204 Array Object Methods Method Description concat() Joins two or more arrays,and returns a copy of the joined arrays join() Joins all elements of an array into a string pop() Removes the last element of an array,and returns that element push() Adds new elements to the end of an array,and returns the new length reverse() Reverses the order of the elements in an array shift() Removes the first element of an array,and returns that element slice() Selects a part of an array,and returns the new array sort() Sorts the elements of an array splice() Adds/Removes elements from an array toString() Converts an array to a string,and returns the result unshift() Adds new elements to the beginning of an array,and returns the new length valueOf() Returns the primitive value of an array as values separated by commas Boolean Object The Boolean object is used to convert a non-Boolean value to a Boolean value (true or false). For a tutorial about the Boolean object, see Chapter 18, “JavaScript Bool- ean Object.” Boolean Object Properties Property Description constructor Returns the function that created the Boolean object’s prototype prototype Allows you to add properties and methods to an object Boolean Object Methods Method Description toString() Converts a Boolean value to a string,and returns the result valueOf() Returns the primitive value of a Boolean object Date Object The Date object is used to work with dates and times. Date objects are created with new Date(). There are four ways of instantiating a date: var d = new Date();

207. Appendix A: JavaScript Objects 205 var d = new Date(milliseconds); var d = new Date(dateString); var d = new Date(year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds); For a tutorial about date and times, see Chapter 16, “JavaScript Date Object.” Date Object Properties Property Description constructor Returns the function that created the Date object’s prototype prototype Allows you to add properties and methods to an object Date Object Methods Method Description getDate() Returns the day of the month (from 1–31) getDay() Returns the day of the week (from 0–6) getFullYear() Returns the year (four digits) getHours() Returns the hour (from 0–23) getMilliseconds() Returns the milliseconds (from 0–999) getMinutes() Returns the minutes (from 0–59) getMonth() Returns the month (from 0–11) getSeconds() Returns the seconds (from 0–59) getTime() Returns the number of milliseconds since midnight January 1, 1970 getTimezoneOffset() Returns the time difference between GMT and local time in minutes getUTCDate() Returns the day of the month,according to universal time (from 1–31) getUTCDay() Returns the day of the week,according to universal time (from 0–6) getUTCFullYear() Returns the year,according to universal time (four digits) getUTCHours() Returns the hour,according to universal time (from 0–23) getUTCMilliseconds() Returns the milliseconds,according to universal time (from 0–999) getUTCMinutes() Returns the minutes,according to universal time (from 0–59) getUTCMonth() Returns the month,according to universal time (from 0–11) getUTCSeconds() Returns the seconds,according to universal time (from 0–59) getYear() Deprecated.Use the getFullYear() method instead parse() Parses a date string and returns the number of milliseconds since midnight of January 1,1970 setDate() Sets the day of the month (from 1–31) (continued)

208. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 206 Method Description setFullYear() Sets the year (four digits) setHours() Sets the hour (from 0–23) setMilliseconds() Sets the milliseconds (from 0–999) setMinutes() Set the minutes (from 0–59) setMonth() Sets the month (from 0–11) setSeconds() Sets the seconds (from 0–59) setTime() Sets a date and time by adding or subtracting a specified number of milliseconds to/from midnight January 1,1970 setUTCDate() Sets the day of the month,according to universal time (from 1–31) setUTCFullYear() Sets the year,according to universal time (four digits) setUTCHours() Sets the hour,according to universal time (from 0–23) setUTCMilliseconds() Sets the milliseconds,according to universal time (from 0–999) setUTCMinutes() Set the minutes,according to universal time (from 0–59) setUTCMonth() Sets the month,according to universal time (from 0–11) setUTCSeconds() Set the seconds,according to universal time (from 0–59) setYear() Deprecated.Use the setFullYear() method instead toDateString() Converts the date portion of a Date object into a readable string toGMTString() Deprecated.Use the toUTCString() method instead toLocaleDateString() Returns the date portion of a Date object as a string,using locale conventions toLocaleTimeString() Returns the time portion of a Date object as a string,using locale conventions toLocaleString() Converts a Date object to a string,using locale conventions toString() Converts a Date object to a string toTimeString() Converts the time portion of a Date object to a string toUTCString() Converts a Date object to a string,according to universal time UTC() Returns the number of milliseconds in a date string since midnight of January 1,1970,according to universal time valueOf() Converts a Date to milliseconds.Same as getTime(). Math Object The Math object allows you to perform mathematical tasks. Math is not a constructor. All properties/methods of Math can be called by using Math as an object, without creating it. The syntax is as follows: var x = Math.PI; // Returns PI var y = Math.sqrt(16); // Returns the square root of 16 For a tutorial about the Math object, see Chapter 19, “JavaScript Math Object.” (continued)

209. Appendix A: JavaScript Objects 207 Math Object Properties Property Description E Returns Euler’s number,the base of the natural logarithm (approx. 2.718) LN2 Returns the natural logarithm of 2 (approx.0.693) LN10 Returns the natural logarithm of 10 (approx.2.302) LOG2E Returns the base-2 logarithm of E (approx.1.442) LOG10E Returns the base-10 logarithm of E (approx.0.434) PI Returns PI (approx.3.14159) SQRT1_2 Returns the square root of 1/2 (approx.0.707) SQRT2 Returns the square root of 2 (approx.1.414) Math Object Methods Method Description abs(x) Returns the absolute value of x acos(x) Returns the arccosine of x,in radians asin(x) Returns the arcsine of x,in radians atan(x) Returns the arctangent of x as a numeric value between –PI/2 and PI/2 radians atan2(y,x) Returns the arctangent of the quotient of its arguments ceil(x) Returns x,rounded upward to the nearest integer cos(x) Returns the cosine of x (x is in radians) exp(x) Returns the value of E to the power of x floor(x) Returns x,rounded downward to the nearest integer log(x) Returns the natural logarithm (base E) of x max(x,y,z,...,n) Returns the number with the highest value min(x,y,z,...,n) Returns the number with the lowest value pow(x,y) Returns the value of x to the power of y random() Returns a random number between 0 and 1 round(x) Rounds x to the nearest integer sin(x) Returns the sine of x (x is in radians) sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x tan(x) Returns the tangent of x (x is in radians) Number Object The Number object is an object wrapper for primitive numeric values. Number objects are created with new Number(). The syntax is as follows: var num = new Number(value);

210. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 208 Number Object Properties Property Description constructor Returns the function that created the Number object’s prototype MAX_VALUE Returns the largest number possible in JavaScript MIN_VALUE Returns the smallest number possible in JavaScript NEGATIVE _INFINITY Represents negative infinity (returned on overflow) POSITIVE_INFINITY Represents infinity (returned on overflow) prototype Allows you to add properties and methods to an object Number Object Methods Method Description toExponential(x) Converts a number to exponential notation toFixed(x) Formats a number with x number of digits after the decimal point toPrecision(x) Formats a number to x significant digits toString() Converts a Number object to a string valueOf() Returns the primitive value of a Number object String Object The String object is used to manipulate a stored piece of text. String objects are created with new String(). The syntax is as follows: var txt = new String(string); or more simply: var txt = string; For a tutorial about the String object, see Chapter 15, “JavaScript String Object.” String Object Properties Property Description constructor Returns the function that created the String object’s prototype length Returns the length of a string prototype Allows you to add properties and methods to an object If the value parameter cannot be converted into a number, it returns NaN (Not-a-Number). N O TE

211. Appendix A: JavaScript Objects 209 String Object Methods Method Description charAt() Returns the character at the specified index charCodeAt() Returns the Unicode of the character at the specified index concat() Joins two or more strings,and returns a copy of the joined strings fromCharCode() Converts Unicode values to characters indexOf() Returns the position of the first found occurrence of a specified value in a string lastIndexOf() Returns the position of the last found occurrence of a specified value in a string match() Searches for a match within the string using a regular expression. Returns an array or null if no matches found. replace() Searches for a match between a substring (or regular expression) and a string,and replaces the matched substring with a new substring search() Searches for a match between a regular expression and a string,and returns the position of the match or –1 if not found slice() Extracts a part of a string and returns a new string split() Splits a string into an array of substrings substr() Extracts the characters from a string,beginning at a specified start position through the specified number of characters substring() Extracts the characters from a string,between two specified indices toLowerCase() Converts a string to lowercase letters toUpperCase() Converts a string to uppercase letters valueOf() Returns the primitive value of a String object String HTML Wrapper Methods The HTML wrapper methods return the string wrapped inside the appropriate HTML tag. Method Description anchor() Creates an anchor big() Displays a string using a big font blink() Displays a blinking string bold() Displays a string in bold fixed() Displays a string using a fixed-pitch font fontcolor() Displays a string using a specified color fontsize() Displays a string using a specified size italics() Displays a string in italic link() Displays a string as a hyperlink small() Displays a string using a small font strike() Displays a string with a strikethrough sub() Displays a string as subscript text sup() Displays a string as superscript text

212. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 210 RegExp Object A regular expression is an object that describes a pattern of characters. Regular expressions are used to perform pattern-matching and search-and-replace functions on text. The syntax is as follows: var txt=new RegExp(pattern,modifiers); or more simply: var txt=/pattern/modifiers; 8 Pattern specifies the pattern of an expression. 8 Modifiers specify whether a search should be global, case-sensitive, and so on. For a tutorial about the RegExp object, see Chapter 20, “JavaScript RegExp Object.” Modifiers Modifiers are used to perform case-insensitive and global searches: Modifier Description i Perform case-insensitive matching g Perform a global match (find all matches rather than stopping after the first match) m Perform multiline matching Brackets Brackets are used to find a range of characters: Expression Description [abc] Match any character between the brackets [^abc] Match any character not between the brackets [0-9] Match any digit from 0 to 9 [a-z] Match any character from lowercase a to lowercase z [A-Z] Match any character from uppercase A to uppercase Z [a-Z] Match any character from lowercase a to uppercase Z [adgk] Match any character in the given set [^adgk] Match any character outside the given set [red|blue|green] Match any of the alternatives specified

213. Appendix A: JavaScript Objects 211 Metacharacters Metacharacters are characters with a special meaning: Metacharacter Description . Find a single character,except newline or line terminator w Match any alphanumeric character,including the underscore W Match any nonalphanumeric character d Find a digit D Find a nondigit character s Find a single whitespace character S Find a single nonwhitespace character b Match at the beginning/end of a word B Match not at the beginning/end of a word 0 Find a NUL character n Find a new line f Find a form feed r Find a carriage return t Find a tab v Find a vertical tab xxx Find the character specified by an octal number xxx xdd Find the character specified by a hexadecimal number dd uxxxx Find the Unicode character specified by a hexadecimal number xxxx Quantifiers Quantifier Description + Match the preceding character 1 or more times * Match the preceding character 0 or more times ? Match the preceding character 0 or 1 time {x} Where x is a positive integer,matches exactly n occurrences of the preceding character {x,y} Where x and y are positive integers,matches at least x and no more than y occurrences of the preceding character {x,} Where x is a positive integer,matches at least n occurrences of the preceding character n$ Matches any string with n at the end of it ^n Matches any string with n at the beginning of it n(?=m) Matches n only if followed by m n(?|m) Matches n only if not followed by m

214. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 212 RegExp Object Properties Property Description global Specifies if the“g”modifier is set ignoreCase Specifies if the“i”modifier is set lastIndex The index at which to start the next match multiline Specifies if the“m”modifier is set source The text of the RegExp pattern RegExp Object Methods Method Description compile() Compiles a regular expression exec() Tests for a match in a string.Returns a result array test() Tests for a match in a string.Returns true or false JavaScript Global Properties and Functions The JavaScript global properties and functions can be used with all the built-in JavaScript objects. JavaScript Global Properties Property Description Infinity A numeric value that represents positive/negative infinity NaN “Not-a-Number”value undefined Indicates that a variable has not been assigned a value JavaScript Global Functions Function Description decodeURI() Decodes a URI decodeURIComponent() Decodes a URI component encodeURI() Encodes a URI encodeURIComponent() Encodes a URI component escape() Encodes a string eval() Evaluates a string and executes it as if it were a JavaScript expression isFinite() Determines whether a value is a finite number isNaN() Determines whether a value is an illegal number Number() Converts an object’s value to a number

215. Appendix A: JavaScript Objects 213 Function Description parseFloat() Parses a string and returns a floating point number parseInt() Parses a string and returns an integer String() Converts an object’s value to a string unescape() Decodes an encoded string

216. 214 Appendix B HTML DOM Objects In This Appendix ❑ Document Object ❑ Event Object ❑ Element Object ❑ Anchor Object ❑ Area Object ❑ Base Object ❑ Body Object ❑ Button Object (Push Button) ❑ Form Object ❑ Frame/IFrame Object ❑ Frameset Object ❑ Image Object ❑ Button Object ❑ Checkbox Object ❑ FileUpload Object ❑ Hidden Object ❑ Password Object ❑ Radio Object ❑ Reset Object ❑ Submit Object ❑ Text Object

217. Appendix B: HTML DOM Objects 215 ❑ Link Object ❑ Meta Object ❑ Object Object ❑ Option Object ❑ Select Object ❑ Style Object ❑ Table Object ❑ TableCell Object ❑ TableRow Object ❑ Textarea Object The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international community that develops standards to ensure the long-term growth of the Web. The W3C DOM page is located at http://www.w3.org/DOM/. Document Object Each HTML document loaded into a browser window becomes a Document object. The Document object provides access to all HTML elements in a page, from within a script. Document Object Collections W3C: W3C Standard Collection Description W3C anchors[] Returns an array of all the anchors in the document Yes forms[] Returns an array of all the forms in the document Yes images[] Returns an array of all the images in the document Yes links[] Returns an array of all the links in the document Yes The Document object is also part of the Window object and can be accessed through the window.document property. T IP

218. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 216 Document Object Properties Property Description W3C cookie Returns all name/value pairs of cookies in the document Yes documentMode Returns the mode used by the browser to render the document No domain Returns the domain name of the server that loaded the document Yes lastModified Returns the date and time the document was last modified No readyState Returns the (loading) status of the document No referrer Returns the URL of the document that loaded the current document Yes title Sets or returns the title of the document Yes URL Returns the full URL of the document Yes Document Object Methods Method Description W3C close() Closes the output stream previously opened with document.open() Yes getElementById() Accesses the first element with the specified id Yes getElementsByName() Accesses all elements with a specified name Yes getElementsByTagName() Accesses all elements with a specified tagname Yes open() Opens an output stream to collect the output from document.write() or document.writeln() Yes write() Writes HTML expressions or JavaScript code to a document Yes writeln() Same as write(),but adds a newline character after each statement Yes Event Object The Event object gives you information about an event that has occurred. The Event object represents the state of an event, such as the element in which the event occurred, the state of the keyboard keys, the location of the mouse, and the state of the mouse buttons. Events are normally used in combination with functions, and the function will not be executed before the event occurs! Event Handlers New to HTML 4.0 was the ability to let HTML events trigger actions in the browser, like starting a JavaScript when a user clicks on an HTML element. Follow- ing is a list of the attributes that can be inserted into HTML tags to define event actions.

219. Appendix B: HTML DOM Objects 217 IE: Internet Explorer; F: Firefox; O: Opera; W3C: W3C Standard. Attribute The event occurs when... IE F O W3C onblur An element loses focus 3 1 9 Yes onchange The content of a field changes 3 1 9 Yes onclick Mouse clicks an object 3 1 9 Yes ondblclick Mouse double-clicks an object 4 1 9 Yes onerror An error occurs when loading a document or an image 4 1 9 Yes onfocus An element gets focus 3 1 9 Yes onkeydown A keyboard key is pressed 3 1 No Yes onkeypress A keyboard key is pressed or held down 3 1 9 Yes onkeyup A keyboard key is released 3 1 9 Yes onload A page or an image is finished loading 3 1 9 Yes onmousedown A mouse button is pressed 4 1 9 Yes onmousemove The mouse is moved 3 1 9 Yes onmouseout The mouse is moved off an element 4 1 9 Yes onmouseover The mouse is moved over an element 3 1 9 Yes onmouseup A mouse button is released 4 1 9 Yes onresize A window or frame is resized 4 1 9 Yes onselect Text is selected 3 1 9 Yes onunload The user exits the page 3 1 9 Yes Mouse / Keyboard Attributes Property Description IE F O W3C altKey Returns whether the Alt key was pressed when an event was triggered 6 1 9 Yes button Returns which mouse button was clicked when an event was triggered 6 1 9 Yes clientX Returns the horizontal coordinate of the mouse pointer when an event was triggered 6 1 9 Yes clientY Returns the vertical coordinate of the mouse pointer when an event was triggered 6 1 9 Yes ctrlKey Returns whether the Ctrl key was pressed when an event was triggered 6 1 9 Yes metaKey Returns whether the meta key was pressed when an event was triggered 6 1 9 Yes relatedTarget Returns the element related to the element that triggered the event No 1 9 Yes screenX Returns the horizontal coordinate of the mouse pointer when an event was triggered 6 1 9 Yes screenY Returns the vertical coordinate of the mouse pointer when an event was triggered 6 1 9 Yes shiftKey Returns whether the Shift key was pressed when an event was triggered 6 1 9 Yes

220. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 218 Other Event Attributes Property Description IE F O W3C bubbles Returns a Boolean value that indicates whether an event is a bubbling event No 1 9 Yes cancelable Returns a Boolean value that indicates whether an event can have its default action prevented No 1 9 Yes currentTarget Returns the element whose event listeners triggered the event No 1 9 Yes eventPhase Returns which phase of the event flow is currently being evaluated Yes target Returns the element that triggered the event No 1 9 Yes timeStamp Returns the time stamp,in milliseconds,from the epoch (system start or event trigger) No 1 9 Yes type Returns the name of the event 6 1 9 Yes Element Object The collections, properties, methods, and events in the following tables can be used on all HTML elements. Element Object Collections W3C: W3C Standard. Collection Description W3C attributes[] Returns an array of the attributes of an element Yes childNodes[] Returns an array of child nodes for an element Yes Element Object Properties Property Description W3C accessKey Sets or returns an accesskey for an element Yes className Sets or returns the class attribute of an element Yes clientHeight Returns the viewable height of the content on a page (not including borders,margins,or scrollbars) Yes clientWidth Returns the viewable width of the content on a page (not including borders,margins,or scrollbars) Yes dir Sets or returns the text direction of an element Yes disabled Sets or returns the disabled attribute of an element Yes firstChild Returns the first child of an element Yes height Sets or returns the height attribute of an element Yes id Sets or returns the id of an element Yes innerHTML Sets or returns the HTML contents (+text) of an element Yes lang Sets or returns the language code for an element Yes

221. Appendix B: HTML DOM Objects 219 Property Description W3C lastChild Returns the last child of an element Yes length Does not apply to all objects.See specific object type. Yes nextSibling Returns the element immediately following an element Yes nodeName Returns the tagname of an element (in uppercase) Yes nodeType Returns the type of the element Yes nodeValue Returns the value of the element Yes offsetHeight Returns the height of an element,including borders and padding if any,but not margins No offsetLeft Returns the horizontal offset position of the current element relative to its offset container Yes offsetParent Returns the offset container of an element Yes offsetTop Returns the vertical offset position of the current element relative to its offset container Yes offsetWidth Returns the width of an element,including borders and padding if any,but not margins No ownerDocument Returns the root element (document object) for an element Yes parentNode Returns the parent node of an element Yes previousSibling Returns the element immediately before an element Yes scrollHeight Returns the entire height of an element (including areas hidden with scrollbars) Yes scrollLeft Returns the distance between the actual left edge of an element and its left edge currently in view Yes scrollTop Returns the distance between the actual top edge of an element and its top edge currently in view Yes scrollWidth Returns the entire width of an element (including areas hidden with scrollbars) Yes style Sets or returns the style attribute of an element Yes tabIndex Sets or returns the tab order of an element Yes tagName Returns the tagname of an element as a string (in uppercase) Yes title Sets or returns the title attribute of an element Yes width Sets or returns the width attribute of an element Yes Element Object Methods Method Description W3C appendChild() Adds a new child element to the end of the list of children of the element Yes blur() Removes focus from an element Yes click() Executes a click on an element Yes cloneNode() Clones an element Yes focus() Gives focus to an element Yes getAttribute() Returns the value of an attribute Yes getElementsByTagName() Accesses all elements with a specified tagname Yes (continued)

222. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 220 Method Description W3C hasChildNodes() Returns whether an element has any child elements Yes insertBefore() Inserts a new child element before an existing child element Yes item() Returns an element based on its index within the document tree Yes normalize() Puts all text nodes underneath this element (including attributes) into a“normal”form where only structure (for example,elements,comments,processing instruc- tions,CDATA sections,and entity references) separates Text nodes,that is,there are neither adjacent Text nodes nor empty Text nodes Yes removeAttribute() Removes a specified attribute from an element Yes removeChild() Removes a child element Yes replaceChild() Replaces a child element Yes setAttribute() Adds a new attribute to an element Yes toString() Converts an element to a string Yes Element Object Events Event Description W3C onblur When an element loses focus Yes onclick When a mouse clicks on an element Yes ondblclick When a mouse double-clicks on an element Yes onfocus When an element gets focus Yes onkeydown When a keyboard key is pressed Yes onkeypress When a keyboard key is pressed or held down Yes onkeyup When a keyboard key is released Yes onmousedown When a mouse button is pressed Yes onmousemove When the mouse is moved Yes onmouseout When the mouse cursor leaves an element Yes onmouseover When the mouse cursor enters an element Yes onmouseup When a mouse button is released Yes onresize When an element is resized Yes Anchor Object The Anchor object represents an HTML hyperlink. For each <a> tag in an HTML document, an Anchor object is created. An anchor allows you to create a link to another document (with the href attribute) or to a different point in the same document (with the name attribute). You can access an anchor by using getElementById() or by searching through the anchors[] array of the Document object. (continued)

223. Appendix B: HTML DOM Objects 221 Anchor Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C charset Sets or returns the value of the charset attribute of a link Yes href Sets or returns the value of the href attribute of a link Yes hreflang Sets or returns the value of the hreflang attribute of a link Yes name Sets or returns the value of the name attribute of a link Yes rel Sets or returns the value of the rel attribute of a link Yes rev Sets or returns the value of the rev attribute of a link Yes target Sets or returns the value of the target attribute of a link Yes type Sets or returns the value of the type attribute of a link Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Anchor object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Area Object The Area object represents an area inside an HTML image map (an image map is an image with clickable areas). For each <area> tag in an HTML document, an Area object is created. Area Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C alt Sets or returns the value of the alt attribute of an area Yes coords Sets or returns the value of the coords attribute of an area Yes hash Sets or returns the anchor part of the href attribute value Yes host Sets or returns the hostname:port part of the href attribute value Yes hostname Sets or returns the hostname part of the href attribute value Yes href Sets or returns the value of the href attribute of an area Yes noHref Sets or returns the value of the nohref attribute of an area Yes pathname Sets or returns the pathname part of the href attribute value Yes port Sets or returns the port part of the href attribute value Yes protocol Sets or returns the protocol part of the href attribute value Yes search Sets or returns the querystring part of the href attribute value Yes shape Sets or returns the value of the shape attribute of an area Yes target Sets or returns the value of the target attribute of an area Yes

224. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 222 Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Area object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Base Object The Base object represents an HTML base element. The base element is used to specify a default address or a default target for all links on a page. For each <base> tag in an HTML document, a Base object is created. Base Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C href Sets or returns the value of the href attribute in a base element Yes target Sets or returns the value of the target attribute in a base element Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Base object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Body Object The Body object represents the HTML body element. The Body element defines a document’s body. The Body element contains all the contents of an HTML document, such as text, hyperlinks, images, tables, lists, and so on. Body Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C aLink Sets or returns the value of the alink attribute of the body element Yes background Sets or returns the value of the background attribute of the body element Yes bgColor Sets or returns the value of the bgcolor attribute of the body element Yes link Sets or returns the value of the link attribute of the body element Yes text Sets or returns the value of the text attribute of the body element Yes vLink Sets or returns the value of the vlink attribute of the body element Yes

225. Appendix B: HTML DOM Objects 223 Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Body object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Button Object (Push Button) The Button object represents a Button Object (Push Button). For each <button> tag in an HTML document, a Button object is created. Inside an HTML Button element you can put content like text or images. This is the difference between this element and buttons created with the input element. Button Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C form Returns a reference to the form that contains a button Yes name Sets or returns the value of the name attribute of a button Yes type Sets or returns the type of a button Yes value Sets or returns the value of the value attribute of a button Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Button object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Form Object The Form object represents an HTML form. For each <form> tag in an HTML document, a Form object is created. Forms are used to collect user input and contain input elements like text fields, check boxes, radio buttons, Submit buttons, and more. A form also can contain select menus and textarea, fieldset, legend, and label elements. Forms are used to pass data to a server. Form Object Collections W3C: W3C Standard. Collection Description W3C elements[] Returns an array of all elements in a form Yes

226. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 224 Form Object Properties Property Description W3C acceptCharset Sets or returns the value of the accept-charset attribute in a form Yes action Sets or returns the value of the action attribute in a form Yes enctype Sets or returns the value of the enctype attribute in a form Yes length Returns the number of elements in a form Yes method Sets or returns the value of the method attribute in a form Yes name Sets or returns the value of the name attribute in a form Yes target Sets or returns the value of the target attribute in a form Yes Form Object Methods Method Description W3C reset() Resets a form Yes submit() Submits a form Yes Form Object Events Event The event occurs when... W3C onreset The Reset button is clicked Yes onsubmit The Submit button is clicked Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Form object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Frame/IFrame Object The Frame object represents an HTML frame. The <frame> tag defines one particular window (frame) within a frameset. For each <frame> tag in an HTML document, a Frame object is created. The IFrame object represents an HTML inline frame. The <iframe> tag defines an inline frame that contains another document. For each <iframe> tag in an HTML document, an IFrame object is created.

227. Appendix B: HTML DOM Objects 225 Frame/IFrame Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C align Sets or returns the value of the align attribute in an iframe Yes contentDocument Returns the document object generated by a frame/iframe Yes contentWindow Returns the window object generated by a frame/iframe No frameBorder Sets or returns the value of the frameborder attribute in a frame/iframe Yes height Sets or returns the value of the height attribute in an iframe Yes longDesc Sets or returns the value of the longdesc attribute in a frame/ iframe Yes marginHeight Sets or returns the value of the marginheight attribute in a frame/iframe Yes marginWidth Sets or returns the value of the marginwidth attribute in a frame/iframe Yes name Sets or returns the value of the name attribute in a frame/ iframe Yes noResize Sets or returns the value of the noresize attribute in a frame Yes scrolling Sets or returns the value of the scrolling attribute in a frame/ iframe Yes src Sets or returns the value of the src attribute in a frame/iframe Yes width Sets or returns the value of the width attribute in an iframe Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Frame and IFrame objects also support the standard properties, methods, and events. Frameset Object The Frameset object represents an HTML frameset. The HTML frameset element holds two or more frame elements. Each frame element holds a separate document. The HTML frameset element states only how many columns or rows there will be in the frameset. Frameset Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C border Sets or returns the width of the border between frames Yes cols Sets or returns the value of the cols attribute in a frameset Yes rows Sets or returns the value of the rows attribute in a frameset Yes

228. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 226 Frameset Object Events Event Description W3C onload Script to be run when a document loads Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Frameset object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Image Object The Image object represents an embedded image. For each <img> tag in an HTML document, an Image object is created. Image Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C align Sets or returns how to align an image according to the surrounding text Yes alt Sets or returns an alternate text to be displayed if a browser cannot show an image Yes border Sets or returns the border around an image Yes complete Returns whether the browser has finished loading the image No height Sets or returns the height of an image Yes href hspace Sets or returns the white space on the left and right side of the image Yes isMap Returns whether an image is a server-side image map Yes longDesc Sets or returns a URL to a document containing a description of the image Yes lowsrc Sets or returns a URL to a low-resolution version of an image No name Sets or returns the name of an image Yes src Sets or returns the URL of an image Yes useMap Sets or returns the value of the usemap attribute of a client-side image map Yes vspace Sets or returns the white space on the top and bottom of the image Yes width Sets or returns the width of an image Yes

229. Appendix B: HTML DOM Objects 227 Image Object Events Event The event occurs when... W3C onabort Loading of an image is interrupted Yes onerror An error occurs when loading an image Yes onload An image is finished loading Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Image object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Button Object The Button object represents a button in an HTML form. For each instance of an <input type="button"> tag in an HTML form, a Button object is created. You can access a button by searching through the elements[] array of the form or by using document.getElementById(). Button Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if a browser does not support buttons Yes disabled Sets or returns whether a button should be disabled Yes form Returns a reference to the form that contains the button Yes name Sets or returns the name of a button Yes type Returns the type of form element a button is Yes value Sets or returns the text that is displayed on the button Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Button object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Checkbox Object The Checkbox object represents a check box in an HTML form. For each <input type="checkbox"> tag in an HTML form, a Checkbox object is created. You can access a check box by searching through the elements[] array of the form, or by using document.getElementById().

230. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 228 Checkbox Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if a browser does not support check boxes Yes checked Sets or returns whether a check box should be checked Yes defaultChecked Returns the default value of the checked attribute Yes disabled Sets or returns whether a check box should be disabled Yes form Returns a reference to the form that contains the check box Yes name Sets or returns the name of a check box Yes type Returns the type of form element a check box is Yes value Sets or returns the value of the value attribute of a check box Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Checkbox object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. FileUpload Object For each <input type="file"> tag in an HTML form, a FileUpload object is created. You can access a FileUpload object by searching through the elements[] array of the form or by using document.getElementById(). FileUpload Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C accept Sets or returns a comma-separated list of MIME types that indicates the MIME type of the file transfer Yes alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if the browser does not support <input type=”file”> Yes defaultValue Sets or returns the initial value of the FileUpload object Yes disabled Sets or returns whether the FileUpload object should be disabled Yes form Returns a reference to the form that contains the FileUpload object Yes name Sets or returns the name of the FileUpload object Yes type Returns the type of the form element.For a FileUpload object it will be“file” Yes value Returns the filename of the FileUpload object after the text is set by user input Yes

231. Appendix B: HTML DOM Objects 229 FileUpload Object Methods Method Description W3C select() Selects the FileUpload object Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The FileUpload object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Hidden Object The Hidden object represents a hidden input field in an HTML form. For each <input type="hidden"> tag in an HTML form, a Hidden object is created. You can access a hidden input field by searching through the elements[] array of the form, or by using document.getElementById(). Hidden Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if a browser does not support hidden fields Yes form Returns a reference to the form that contains the hidden field Yes name Sets or returns the name of a hidden field Yes type Returns the type of form element a hidden input field is Yes value Sets or returns the value of the value attribute of the hidden field Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Hidden object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Password Object The Password object represents a password field in an HTML form. For each <input type="password"> tag in an HTML form, a Password object is created. You can access a password field by searching through the elements[] array of the form or by using document.getElementById().

232. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 230 Password Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if a browser does not support password fields Yes defaultValue Sets or returns the default value of a password field Yes disabled Sets or returns whether a password field should be disabled Yes form Returns a reference to the form that contains the password field Yes maxLength Sets or returns the maximum number of characters in a password field Yes name Sets or returns the name of a password field Yes readOnly Sets or returns whether a password field should be read-only Yes size Sets or returns the size of a password field Yes type Returns the type of form element a password field is Yes value Sets or returns the value of the value attribute of the password field Yes Password Object Methods Method Description W3C select() Selects the text in a password field Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Password object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Radio Object The Radio object represents a radio button in an HTML form. For each <input type="radio"> tag in an HTML form, a Radio object is created. You can access a Radio object by searching through the elements[] array of the form or by using document.getElementById(). Radio Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if a browser does not support radio buttons Yes checked Sets or returns the state of a radio button Yes defaultChecked Returns the default state of a radio button Yes

233. Appendix B: HTML DOM Objects 231 Property Description W3C disabled Sets or returns whether a radio button should be disabled Yes form Returns a reference to the form that contains the radio button Yes name Sets or returns the name of a radio button Yes type Returns the type of form element a radio button is Yes value Sets or returns the value of the value attribute of the radio button Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Radio object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Reset Object The Reset object represents a reset button in an HTML form. For each <input type="reset"> tag in an HTML form, a Reset object is created. You can access a reset button by searching through the elements[] array of the form or by using document.getElementById(). Reset Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if a browser does not support reset buttons Yes disabled Sets or returns whether a reset button should be disabled Yes form Returns a reference to the form that contains the reset button Yes name Sets or returns the name of a reset button Yes type Returns the type of form element a reset button is Yes value Sets or returns the text that is displayed on a reset button Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Reset object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Submit Object The Submit object represents a submit button in an HTML form. For each <input type="submit"> tag in an HTML form, a Submit object is created. Example: Form validation

234. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 232 You can access a submit button by searching through the elements[] array of the form or by using document.getElementById(). Submit Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if a browser does not support submit buttons Yes disabled Sets or returns whether a submit button should be disabled Yes form Returns a reference to the form that contains the submit button Yes name Sets or returns the name of a submit button Yes type Returns the type of form element a submit button is Yes value Sets or returns the text that is displayed on a submit button Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Submit object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Text Object The Text object represents a text-input field in an HTML form. For each <input type="text"> tag in an HTML form, a Text object is created. You can access a text-input field by searching through the elements[] array of the form, or by using document.getElementById(). Text Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C alt Sets or returns an alternate text to display if a browser does not support text fields Yes defaultValue Sets or returns the default value of a text field Yes disabled Sets or returns whether a text field should be disabled Yes form Returns a reference to the form that contains the text field Yes maxLength Sets or returns the maximum number of characters in a text field Yes name Sets or returns the name of a text field Yes readOnly Sets or returns whether a text field should be read-only Yes size Sets or returns the size of a text field Yes type Returns the type of form element a text field is Yes value Sets or returns the value of the value attribute of a text field Yes

235. Appendix B: HTML DOM Objects 233 Text Object Methods Method Description W3C select() Selects the content of a text field Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Text object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Link Object The Link object represents an HTML link element. A link element defines the relationship between two linked documents. The link element is defined in the head section of an HTML document. Link Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C charset Sets or returns the character encoding of the target URL Yes disabled Sets or returns whether the target URL should be disabled Yes href Sets or returns the URL of a linked resource Yes hreflang Sets or returns the base language of the target URL Yes media Sets or returns on what device the document will be displayed Yes name Sets or returns the name of a <link> element Yes rel Sets or returns the relationship between the current document and the target URL Yes rev Sets or returns the relationship between the target URL and the current document Yes type Sets or returns the MIME type of the target URL Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Link object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Meta Object The Meta object represents an HTML meta element. Metadata is information about data. The <meta> tag provides metadata about the HTML document. Metadata will not be displayed on the page, but will be machine parsable.

236. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 234 Meta elements are typically used to specify page description, keywords, author of the document, last modified, and other metadata. The <meta> tag always goes inside the head element. Meta Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C content Sets or returns the value of the content attribute of a <meta> element Yes httpEquiv Connects the content attribute to an HTTP header Yes name Connects the content attribute to a name Yes scheme Sets or returns the format to be used to interpret the value of the content attribute Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Meta object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Object Object The Object object represents an HTML object element. The <object> tag is used to include objects such as images, audio, videos, Java applets, ActiveX, PDF, and Flash into a Web page. Object Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C align Sets or returns the alignment of the object according to the surrounding text Yes archive Sets or returns a string that can be used to implement your own archive functionality for the object Yes border Sets or returns the border around the object Yes code Sets or returns the URL of the file that contains the compiled Java class Yes codeBase Sets or returns the URL of the component Yes codeType Sets or retrieves the Internet media type for the code associated with the object.Read only. Yes data A URL specifying the location of the object’s data Yes declare Declare (for future reference),but do not instantiate,this object Yes form Returns a reference to the object’s parent form Yes

237. Appendix B: HTML DOM Objects 235 Property Description W3C height Sets or returns the height of the object Yes hspace Sets or returns the horizontal margin of the object Yes name Sets or returns the name of the object Yes standby Sets or returns a message when loading the object Yes type Sets or returns the content type for data downloaded via the data attribute Yes useMap Use client-side image map Yes vspace Sets or returns the vertical margin of the object Yes width Sets or returns the width of the object Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Object object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Option Object The Option object represents an option in a drop-down list in an HTML form. For each <option> tag in an HTML form, an Option object is created. You can access an Option object by searching through the elements[] array of the form, or by using document.getElementById(). Option Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C defaultSelected Returns the default value of the selected attribute Yes disabled Sets or returns whether an option should be disabled Yes form Returns a reference to the form that contains an option Yes index Returns the index position of an option in a drop-down list Yes label Sets or returns a label for an option (only for option-groups) Yes selected Sets or returns the value of the selected attribute Yes text Sets or returns the text value of an option Yes value Sets or returns the value to be sent to the server Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Option object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.

238. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 236 Select Object The Select object represents a drop-down list in an HTML form. For each <select> tag in an HTML form, a Select object is created. You can access a Select object by searching through the elements[] array of the form or by using document.getElementById(). Select Object Collections W3C: W3C Standard. Collection Description W3C options[] Returns an array of all the options in a drop-down list Yes Select Object Properties Property Description W3C disabled Sets or returns whether a drop-down list should be disabled Yes form Returns a reference to the form that contains the drop-down list Yes length Returns the number of options in a drop-down list Yes multiple Sets or returns whether multiple items can be selected Yes name Sets or returns the name of a drop-down list Yes selectedIndex Sets or returns the index of the selected option in a drop-down list Yes size Sets or returns the number of visible rows in a drop-down list Yes type Returns the type of form element a drop-down list is Yes Select Object Methods Method Description W3C add() Adds an option to a drop-down list Yes remove() Removes an option from a drop-down list Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Select object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Style Object The Style object represents an individual style statement. The Style object can be accessed from the document or from the elements to which that style is applied.

239. Appendix B: HTML DOM Objects 237 Syntax for using the Style object properties: document.getElementById("id").style.property="value" The Style object property categories are as follows: 8 Background 8 Border and Margin 8 Layout 8 List 8 Misc 8 Positioning 8 Printing 8 Table 8 Text Background Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C background Sets all background properties Yes backgroundAttachment Sets whether a background-image is fixed or scrolls with the page Yes backgroundColor Sets the background-color of an element Yes backgroundImage Sets the background-image of an element Yes backgroundPosition Sets the starting position of a background-image Yes backgroundPositionX Sets the x-coordinates of the backgroundPosition property No backgroundPositionY Sets the y-coordinates of the backgroundPosition property No backgroundRepeat Sets if/how a background-image will be repeated Yes Border and Margin Properties Property Description W3C border Sets all properties for the four borders Yes borderBottom Sets all properties for the bottom border Yes borderBottomColor Sets the color of the bottom border Yes borderBottomStyle Sets the style of the bottom border Yes borderBottomWidth Sets the width of the bottom border Yes (continued)

240. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 238 Property Description W3C borderColor Sets the color of all four borders (can have up to four colors) Yes borderLeft Sets all properties for the left border Yes borderLeftColor Sets the color of the left border Yes borderLeftStyle Sets the style of the left border Yes borderLeftWidth Sets the width of the left border Yes borderRight Sets all properties for the right border Yes borderRightColor Sets the color of the right border Yes borderRightStyle Sets the style of the right border Yes borderRightWidth Sets the width of the right border Yes borderStyle Sets the style of all four borders (can have up to four styles) Yes borderTop Sets all properties for the top border Yes borderTopColor Sets the color of the top border Yes borderTopStyle Sets the style of the top border Yes borderTopWidth Sets the width of the top border Yes borderWidth Sets the width of all four borders (can have up to four widths) Yes margin Sets the margins of an element (can have up to four values) Yes marginBottom Sets the bottom margin of an element Yes marginLeft Sets the left margin of an element Yes marginRight Sets the right margin of an element Yes marginTop Sets the top margin of an element Yes outline Sets all outline properties Yes outlineColor Sets the color of the outline around a element Yes outlineStyle Sets the style of the outline around an element Yes outlineWidth Sets the width of the outline around an element Yes padding Sets the padding of an element (can have up to four values) Yes paddingBottom Sets the bottom padding of an element Yes paddingLeft Sets the left padding of an element Yes paddingRight Sets the right padding of an element Yes paddingTop Sets the top padding of an element Yes Layout Properties Property Description W3C clear Sets on which sides of an element other floating elements are not allowed Yes clip Sets the shape of an element Yes content Sets meta-information Yes counterIncrement Sets a list of counter names,followed by an integer.The integer indicates by how much the counter is incremented for every occurrence of the element.The default is 1 Yes counterReset Sets a list of counter names,followed by an integer.The integer gives the value that the counter is set to on each occurrence of the element.The default is 0 Yes (continued)

241. Appendix B: HTML DOM Objects 239 Property Description W3C cssFloat Sets where an image or a text will appear (float) in another element Yes cursor Sets the type of cursor to be displayed Yes direction Sets the text direction of an element Yes display Sets how an element will be displayed Yes height Sets the height of an element Yes markerOffset Sets the distance between the nearest border edges of a marker box and its principal box Yes marks Sets whether cross marks or crop marks should be rendered just outside the page box edge Yes maxHeight Sets the maximum height of an element Yes maxWidth Sets the maximum width of an element Yes minHeight Sets the minimum height of an element Yes minWidth Sets the minimum width of an element Yes overflow Specifies what to do with content that does not fit in an element box Yes verticalAlign Sets the vertical alignment of content in an element Yes visibility Sets whether an element should be visible Yes width Sets the width of an element Yes List Properties Property Description W3C listStyle Sets all the properties for a list Yes listStyleImage Sets an image as the list-item marker Yes listStylePosition Positions the list-item marker Yes listStyleType Sets the list-item marker type Yes Misc Properties Property Description W3C cssText Contains the entire contents of the stylesheet.IE only property Positioning Properties Property Description W3C bottom Sets how far the bottom edge of an element is above/below the bottom edge of the parent element Yes left Sets how far the left edge of an element is to the right/left of the left edge of the parent element Yes position Places an element in a static,relative,absolute,or fixed position Yes (continued)

242. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 240 Property Description W3C right Sets how far the right edge of an element is to the left/right of the right edge of the parent element Yes top Sets how far the top edge of an element is above/below the top edge of the parent element Yes zIndex Sets the stack order of an element Yes Printing Properties Property Description W3C orphans Sets the minimum number of lines for a paragraph that must be left at the bottom of a page Yes page Sets a page type to use when displaying an element Yes pageBreakAfter Sets the page-breaking behavior after an element Yes pageBreakBefore Sets the page-breaking behavior before an element Yes pageBreakInside Sets the page-breaking behavior inside an element Yes size Sets the orientation and size of a page Yes widows Sets the minimum number of lines for a paragraph that must be left at the top of a page Yes Table Properties Property Description W3C borderCollapse Sets whether the table borders are collapsed into a single border or detached as in standard HTML Yes borderSpacing Sets the distance that separates cell borders Yes captionSide Sets the position of the table caption Yes emptyCells Sets whether to show empty cells in a table Yes tableLayout Sets the algorithm used to display the table cells,rows,and columns Yes Text Properties Property Description W3C color Sets the color of the text Yes font Sets all font properties Yes fontFamily Sets the font of an element Yes fontSize Sets the font-size of an element Yes fontSizeAdjust Sets/adjusts the size of text Yes fontStretch Sets how to condense or stretch a font Yes fontStyle Sets the font-style of an element Yes fontVariant Displays text in a small-caps font Yes fontWeight Sets the boldness of the font Yes letterSpacing Sets the space between characters Yes lineHeight Sets the distance between lines Yes (continued)

243. Appendix B: HTML DOM Objects 241 Property Description W3C quotes Sets which quotation marks to use in text Yes textAlign Aligns the text Yes textDecoration Sets the decoration of text Yes textIndent Indents the first line of text Yes textShadow Sets the shadow effect of text Yes textTransform Sets capitalization effect on text Yes unicodeBidi Sets the Unicode bidirectional property Yes whiteSpace Sets how to handle line breaks and white space in text Yes wordSpacing Sets the space between words in a text Yes Table Object The Table object represents an HTML table. For each <table> tag in an HTML document, a Table object is created. Table Object Collections W3C: W3C Standard. Collection Description W3C cells[] Returns an array containing each cell in a table No rows[] Returns an array containing each row in a table Yes tBodies[] Returns an array containing each tbody in a table Yes Table Object Properties Property Description W3C border Sets or returns the width of the table border Yes caption Sets or returns the caption of a table Yes cellPadding Sets or returns the amount of space between the cell border and cell content Yes cellSpacing Sets or returns the amount of space between the cells in a table Yes frame Sets or returns the outer borders of a table Yes rules Sets or returns the inner borders of a table Yes summary Sets or returns a description of a table Yes tFoot Returns the tFoot object of a table Yes tHead Returns the tHead object of a table Yes width Sets or returns the width of a table Yes

244. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 242 Table Object Methods Method Description W3C createCaption() Creates a caption element for a table Yes createTFoot() Creates an empty tFoot element in a table Yes createTHead() Creates an empty tHead element in a table Yes deleteCaption() Deletes the caption element and its content from a table Yes deleteRow() Deletes a row from a table Yes deleteTFoot() Deletes the tFoot element and its content from a table Yes deleteTHead() Deletes the tHead element and its content from a table Yes insertRow() Inserts a new row in a table Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Table object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. TableCell Object The TableCell object represents an HTML table cell. For each <td> tag in an HTML document, a TableCell object is created. TableCell Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C abbr Sets or returns an abbreviated version of the content in a table cell Yes align Sets or returns the horizontal alignment of data within a table cell Yes axis Sets or returns a comma-delimited list of related table cells Yes cellIndex Returns the position of a cell in the cells collection of a row Yes ch Sets or returns the alignment character for a table cell Yes chOff Sets or returns the offset of alignment character for a table cell Yes colSpan Sets or returns the number of columns a table cell should span Yes headers Sets or returns a list of space-separated header-cell ids Yes rowSpan Sets or returns the number of rows a table cell should span Yes scope Sets or returns if this cell provides header information Yes vAlign Sets or returns the vertical alignment of data within a table cell Yes width Sets or returns the width of a table cell Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The TableCell object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.

245. Appendix B: HTML DOM Objects 243 TableRow Object The TableRow object represents an HTML table row. For each <tr> tag in an HTML document, a TableRow object is created. TableRow Object Collections W3C: W3C Standard. Collection Description W3C cells[] Returns an array containing each cell in the table row Yes TableRow Object Properties Property Description W3C align Sets or returns the horizontal alignment of data within a table row Yes ch Sets or returns the alignment character for cells in a table row Yes chOff Sets or returns the offset of alignment character for the cells in a table row Yes rowIndex Returns the position of a row in the table’s rows collection Yes sectionRowIndex Returns the position of a row in the tBody,tHead,or tFoot rows collection Yes vAlign Sets or returns the vertical alignment of data within a table row Yes TableRow Object Methods Method Description W3C deleteCell() Deletes a cell in a table row Yes insertCell() Inserts a cell in a table row Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The TableRow object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events. Textarea Object The Textarea object represents a text-area in an HTML form. For each <textarea> tag in an HTML form, a Textarea object is created. You can access a Textarea object by indexing the elements array (by number or name) of the form or by using getElementById().

246. Learn JavaScript and Ajax with w3schools 244 Textarea Object Properties W3C: W3C Standard. Property Description W3C cols Sets or returns the width of a textarea Yes defaultValue Sets or returns the default text in a textarea Yes disabled Sets or returns whether a textarea should be disabled Yes form Returns a reference to the form that contains the textarea Yes name Sets or returns the name of a textarea Yes readOnly Sets or returns whether a textarea should be read-only Yes rows Sets or returns the height of a textarea Yes Property Description W3C type Returns the type of the form element Yes value Sets or returns the text in a textarea Yes Textarea Object Methods Method Description W3C select() Selects the text in a textarea Yes Standard Properties,Methods,and Events The Textarea object also supports the standard properties, methods, and events.

247. 245 Index Symbols t, 74 ;, 17 */, 19 /*, 19 &, 74 , 74 ', 74 ", 74 b, 74 f, 74 n, 74 r, 74 }, 17, 59 {, 17, 59 character, 73–75 (), functions, 59 - operator, 27 -- operator, 27 ! operator, 31 != operator, 30 % operator, 27 %= operator, 28 && operator, 31 * operator, 27 *= operator, 28 / operator, 27 /= operator, 28 || operator, 31 + operator, 27–28, 75 ++ operator, 27 += operator, 28 < operator, 30 <= operator, 30, 39, 42 = operator, 27–28 -= operator, 28 == operator, 30 === operator, 30 > operator, 30 >= operator, 30 // symbol, 12, 18 <!-- tag, 12 A ActiveXObject, 163–164 adding array elements, 100–101, 105–106 adding tags, 10–11 AJAX, 3–4 applications, creation, 160–162 applications, interactive, 175 browser support, 163–165 database example, 184–187 information requests, 163–164 requests, 167 responseXML example, 198–202 servers, 170 Suggest source code, 175–183 ASP server page, 180–182 HTML page, 178–179 PHP server page, 182–183 XML example, 188–197 XMLHttpRequest object, 3, 159–164 alert boxes, 53–55, 67–69, 125 algebraic variables, 23 ampersand character, 74 animation, 138–140 code example, 139 id, images, 138 image, changing, 139 mouseOut() function, 139 mouseOver() function, 139 onMouseOut event, 138 onMouseOver event, 138 applications, AJAX, 160–162 applications, interactive, 175 appName property, 124 appVersion property, 124 <area> tags, 142 arithmetic operations, 26–27 arrays, 49 array elements, 49 Array object, 95–106, 151, 203–204 accessing, 96 creation, 96–97 defined, 95 elements, adding, 100–101, 105–106 elements, joining, 99–100 elements, removing, 100–102 elements, reversing order, 101 for...in statement, 98 joining, 98–99 slice() method, 102 sort() method, 103–104 splice() method, 104–105 string, converting, 105 unshift() method, 106 values, assigning, 97 values, modifying, 96–97 values, writing, 97 variables, 95 variable types, 96

248. 246 Index ASP server page, AJAX, 180–182 assignment operators, 27–28 attributes, src, 15 B backslash (), 73–74 backspace character, 74–75 base-2 log of E constant, 110–111 base-10 log of E constant, 110–111 blocks, statements, 17–18, 21 <body> section functions, 58 scripts, 13–14 Boolean object, 107–109, 204 creation, 107–108 false values, 107 no values, 107 null, 107 true values, 108 brackets, 210 break statements, 46–47, 50 breaks, code line, 74–75 browsers detection, 2, 123–128 Navigator object, 123–128 appName property, 124 appVersion property, 124 parseFloat() function, 124 properties, 124 userAganet property, 124 support, 12, 163–165 built-in objects, 151–152 buttons, Rollover, 66 C C, 2 C++, 2 capitalization, 74 carriage return character, 74 case-sensitive searches, 116–118 case sensitivity, 74 catch arguments, 71 catch blocks, 68 checkCookie() function, 131–133 checkEmail() function, 65 checkForm() function, 65 Chrome, 1, 160 clearTimeout() method, 144, 149–150 clocks, displaying, 93–94 code, statements, 17 code line breaks, 74–75 commands, see statements comments, 18–22 end of lines, 22 execution, preventing, 20–21 multiline, 19–20 placement, 22 single-line, 18–20 comment symbol, 12 comment tags, 12 comparison, dates, 89–90 comparison operators, 30–31 concatenate operator, 75 conditional operators, 31 conditional statements, 31–38, 49 curly braces, 33 if statements, 32–34 if...else statements, 32, 34–36 if...else if...else statements, 32, 36–38 links, random, 36 random links, 36 switch statements, 32, 38 confirm boxes, 53, 55–56, 69–70 constants, Math object, 110–111 constructors, 154–155 continue statements, 46–48 cookies, 2, 65, 129–133 checkCookie() function, 131–133 creation, 130–133 date, 129 defined, 129 document.cookie object, 130–131 name, 129–130 password, 129 storage, 130–133 creation errors, Math object, 110 curly braces, 17, 33, 59 D database example, AJAX, 184–187 data validation, 2, 134–137 e-mail validation, 136–137 required fields, 134–136 Date() constructor, 88 date cookie, 129 Date() method, 90 Date object, 88–94, 151, 204–206 clocks, displaying, 93–94 comparison, dates, 89–90 creation, 88–89 Date() constructor, 88 Date() method, 90 getDay() method, 92–93 getTime() method, 90–91 methods, 89 parameters, 88 setFullYear() method, 91 setting date, 89 time, 88 toUTCString() method, 91–92 dates, see Date object declaring variables, 25

249. 247 Index direct instance, objects, 152–153 displaymessage() function, 59–60 document.cookie object, 130–131 document.write command, 2, 11–12 do...while loops, 43–45 dynamic text, 2 E E constant, 110–111 ECMA International, 2–3 ECMAScript, 2–3 Eich, Brendan, 2 elements, arrays, 99–102, 105–106 adding, 100–101, 105–106 joining, 99–100 removing, 100–102 reversing order, 101 e-mail validation, 136–137 error conditions, functions, 62 errors, 67–72 events, 60, 64–66 adding, 142–143 form fields validation, 65 functions, 60, 64 onBlur, 65, 142 onChange, 65 onClick, 64, 66, 142 onDblClick, 142 onFocus, 65, 142 onKeyDown, 142 onKeyPress, 142 onKeyUp, 142 onLoad, 64–65 onMouseDown, 142 onMouseMove, 142 onMouseOut, 66, 138, 142 onMouseOver, 66, 138, 142 onSubmit, 65 onUnload, 64–65 timing, 144–150 clearTimeout() method, 144, 149–150 setTimeout() method, 144–149 validation, form fields, 65 exceptions, throw statements, 71 exec() method, 119–120 execution, preventing, 20–21 external scripts, 15 F false parameter, XMLHttpRequest, 167–168 fields, required, 134–136 files, requesting, 170 Firefox, 1, 160 floor() method, 111 flow control statements, 46–52 break, 46–47, 50 conditional, 49 continue, 46–48 for...in, 48–49 switch, 50–52 for...in statements, 48–49, 98 for loops, 39–42 form feed character, 74 form fields validation, 65 form validation, 134–137 e-mail validation, 136–137 required fields, 134–136 forms, submitting, 171 functions, 58–63, 212–213 <body> section, 58 capitalization, 59 checkCookie(), 131–133 checkEmail(), 65 checkForm(), 65 curly braces, 59 defining, 58–59 displaymessage(), 59–60 error conditions, 62 events, 60, 64 examples, 59–62 GetXmlHttpObject(), 177, 201 global variables, 63 <head> section, 58 local variables, 63 message(), 68 mouseOut(), 139 mouseOver(), 139 parameters, 59–60 parentheses, 59 parseFloat(), 124 pattern-matching, 115–116 return statement, 62–63 search-and-replace, 115–116 showCD, 189 showCustomer(), 185, 199, 201 showHint(), 176–177 stateChanged(), 177–178 values, returning, 61–63 variables, 59–60, 63 G g modifier, 116–117 getDay() method, 92–93 getTime() method, 90–91 GetXmlHttpObject() function, 177, 201 global functions, 212–213 global properties, 212 global searches, 117–118 global variables, 63 Google Suggest, 160

250. 248 Index H <head> section, 13–14 functions, 58 HTML, 1, 3 HTML DOM objects, 214–244 Anchor object, 220–221 Area object, 221–222 Base object, 222 Body object, 222–223 Button object (push button), 223 Button object, 227 Checkbox object, 227–228 Document object, 215–216 Element object, 218–220 Event object, 216–218 FileUpload object, 228–229 Form object, 223–224 Frame/IFrame object, 224–225 Frameset object, 225–226 Hidden object, 229 Image object, 226–227 Link object, 233 Meta object, 233–234 Object object, 234–235 Option object, 235 Password object, 229–230 Radio object, 230–231 Reset object, 231 Select object, 236 Style object, 236–240 Submit object, 231–232 Table object, 241–242 TableCell object, 242 TableRow object, 242–243 Text object, 232–233 Textarea object, 243–244 HTML elements, 2 HTML forms, 175–176 HTML page, AJAX, 178–179 I i modifier, 116 id, images, 138 if statements, 32–34 if...else statements, 32, 34–36 if...else if...else statements, 32, 36–38 images, changing, 139 image maps, 141–143 <area> tags, 142 defined, 141 events, adding, 142–143 increment parameters, 39 information requests, AJAX, 163–164 interactivity, 1 Internet Explorer, 1, 106, 124, 160 Internet Information Server (IIS), 186, 190, 201 J–K Java, 2 joining arrays, 98–100 js file extension, 15 L length property, 79–80 String object, 81–82 lines, comments, 22 links, random, 36 local variables, 63 logical operators, 31 logical statements, 30 loops, 39–45 do...while, 43–45 for, 39–42 increment parameters, 39 while, 39, 41–43 M Math object, 110–114, 206–207 constants, 110–111 creation errors, 110 floor() method, 111 max() method, 113 methods, 111 min() method, 114 random() method, 111–113 round() method, 111–112 max() method, 113 message() function, 68 metacharacters, 211 methods, 79–80, 151–152, 155 clearTimeout(), 144, 149–150 Date object, 89 Date(), 90 exec(), 119–120 floor(), 111 getDay(), 92–93 getTime(), 90–91 Math object, 111 max(), 113 min(), 114 open(), 166–167 parameters, 152 random(), 111–113 round(), 111–112 send(), 166–167 setFullYear(), 91 setTimeout(), 144–149 slice(), 102 sort(), 103–104 splice(), 104–105 String object, 82–84 test(), 118–119 toLowerCase(), 84–85

251. 249 Index toUpperCase(), 80–81, 84–85 toUTCString(), 91–92 unshift(), 106 XMLHttpRequest, 166–167 Microsoft browsers, 2 min() method, 114 modifiers, RegExp object, 116–118, 210 mouseOut() function, 139 mouseOver() function, 139 multiline comments, 19–20 N name cookie, 129–130 names, variables, 23–24 natural log of 2 constant, 110–111 natural log of 10 constant, 110–111 Navigator 2.0, 2 Navigator object, 123–128 appName property, 124 appVersion property, 124 parseFloat() function, 124 properties, 124 userAganet property, 124 Netscape, 2 new line character, 74 numbers, adding, 28–29 Number object, 207–208 O objects, 79, 203–213 ActiveXObject, 163 Array object, 95–106, 151, 203–204 accessing, 96 creation, 96–97 defined, 95 elements, adding, 100–101, 105–106 elements, joining, 99–100 elements, removing, 100–102 elements, reversing order, 101 for...in statement, 98 joining, 98–99 slice() method, 102 sort() method, 103–104 splice() method, 104–105 string, converting, 105 unshift() method, 106 values, assigning, 97 values, modifying, 96–97 values, writing, 97 variables, 95 variable types, 96 Boolean object, 107–109, 204 creation, 107–108 false values, 107 no values, 107 null, 107 true values, 108 built-in, 151–152 creation, 152–155 constructors, 154–155 direct instance, 152–153 templates, 154–155 Date object, 88–94, 151, 204–206 clocks, displaying, 93–94 comparison, dates, 89–90 creation, 88–89 Date() constructor, 88 Date() method, 90 getDay() method, 92–93 getTime() method, 90–91 methods, 89 parameters, 88 setFullYear() method, 91 setting date, 89 time, 88 toUTCString() method, 91–92 document.cookie, 130–131 HTML DOM, 214–244 Anchor object, 220–221 Area object, 221–222 Base object, 222 Body object, 222–223 Button object (push button), 223 Button object, 227 Checkbox object, 227–228 Document object, 215–216 Element object, 218–220 Event object, 216–218 FileUpload object, 228–229 Form object, 223–224 Frame/IFrame object, 224–225 Frameset object, 225–226 Hidden object, 229 Image object, 226–227 Link object, 233 Meta object, 233–234 Object object, 234–235 Option object, 235 Password object, 229–230 Radio object, 230–231 Reset object, 231 Select object, 236 Style object, 236–240 Submit object, 231–232 Table object, 241–242 TableCell object, 242 TableRow object, 242–243 Text object, 232–233 Textarea object, 243–244

252. 250 Index Math object, 110–114, 206–207 constants, 110–111 creation errors, 110 floor() method, 111 max() method, 113 methods, 111 min() method, 114 random() method, 111–113 round() method, 111–112 methods, 151 Navigator object, 123–128 appName property, 124 appVersion property, 124 parseFloat() function, 124 properties, 124 userAganet property, 124 Number object, 207–208 properties, 151 RegExp object, 115–120, 210 case-sensitive searches, 116–118 defined, 115–116 exec() method, 119–120 g modifier, 116–117 i modifier, 116 global searches, 117–118 modifiers, 116–118 pattern-matching functions, 115–116 patterns, 115–116 search-and-replace functions, 115–116 test() method, 118–119 String object, 81–87, 151, 208–209 length property, 81–82 methods, 82–84 toLowerCase() method, 84–85 toUpperCase() method, 81, 84–85 values, first occurrence, 86–87 values, replacing, 85–86 values, searching, 85 String HTML wrapper methods, 209 XMLHttpRequest object, 3, 159–164 AJAX requests, 167 false parameter, 167–168 methods, 166–167 properties, 167–169 true parameter, 168 object-oriented language, 79 object-oriented programming, 79 onBlur event, 65, 142 onChange event, 65 onClick event, 64, 66, 142 onDblClick event, 142 onFocus event, 65, 142 onKeyDown event, 142 onKeyPress event, 142 onKeyUp event, 142 onLoad event, 64–65 onMouseDown event, 142 onMouseMove event, 142 onMouseOut event, 66, 138, 142 onMouseOver event, 66, 138, 142 onMouseUp event, 142 onSubmit event, 65 onUnload event, 64–65 OOL, see object-oriented language Opera, 1, 160 operators, 27–29 +, 27–28, 75 arithmetic, 27 assignment, 27–28 comparison, 30–31 concatenate operator, 75 conditional, 31–38 logical, 31 numbers, adding, 28–29 space, adding, 28 strings, adding, 28–29 text values, concatenating, 28 variables, concatenating, 28 P parameters Date object, 88 functions, 59–60 parentheses, functions, 59 parseFloat() function, 124 password cookie, 129 pattern-matching functions, 115–116 patterns, 115–116 PHP server page, AJAX, 182–183 PI constant, 110–111 placement, scripts, 12–14 popup boxes, 53–57, 65 alert boxes, 53–55 confirm boxes, 53, 55–56 prompt boxes, 53, 56–57 programming tool, 2 prompt boxes, 53, 56–57 properties, 79–80, 151–152, 212 appName, 124 appVersion, 124 length, 79 Navigator object, 124 onreadystatechange, 169 readyState, 168–169 responseText, 167 responseXML, 198–202 userAganet, 124 XMLHttpRequest, 167–169 Q quantifiers, 211 quote marks, 25, 73–74

253. 251 Index R random links, 36 random() method, 111–113 redeclaring variables, 26 RegExp object, 115–120, 210–212 case-sensitive searches, 116–118 defined, 115–116 exec() method, 119–120 g modifier, 116–117 i modifier, 116 global searches, 117–118 modifiers, 116–118 pattern-matching functions, 115–116 patterns, 115–116 search-and-replace functions, 115–116 test() method, 118–119 regular expressions, see RegExp object removing array elements, 100–102 requesting files, 170 required fields, 134–136 responseXML example, AJAX, 198–202 return statement, 62–63 reversing order, array elements, 101 rollover buttons, 66 round() method, 111–112 S Safari, 1, 160 <script> tag, 11–13, 15 </script> tag, 11–12 scripting languages, 1 scripts, see also text, 12–15 <body> section, 13–14 external, 15 <head> section, 13–14 js file extension, 15 placement, 12–14 src attribute, 15 search-and-replace functions, 115–116 semicolons, 16–17 setFullYear() method, 91 setTimeout() method, 144–149 setting date, 89 showCD function, 189 showCustomer() function, 185, 199, 201 showHint() function, 176–177 single-line comments, 18–20 slice() method, 102 sort() method, 103–104 space, adding, 28 <span> elements, 198 special characters, 73–74 splice() method, 104–105 square root of 1/2 constant, 110–111 square root of 2 constant, 110–111 src attribute, 15 stateChanged() function, 177–178 statements, 16–18 blocks, 17–18 break, 46–47, 50 code, 17 conditional, 31, 49 continue, 46–48 curly brackets, 17 flow control statements, 46–52 for...in, 48–49, 98 if, 32–34 if...else, 32, 34–36 if...else if...else, 32, 36–38 logical, 30 return, 62–63 semicolons, 16–17 switch, 32, 38, 50–52 throw, 70–72 try...catch, 67–70 storage, cookies, 130–133 string, converting, 105 string literals, 74–75 String object, 81–87, 151, 208–209 length property, 81–82 methods, 82–84 toLowerCase() method, 84–85 toUpperCase() method, 81, 84–85 values, first occurrence, 86–87 values, replacing, 85–86 values, searching, 85 String HTML wrapper methods, 209 strings, adding, 28–29 submitting forms, 171 Suggest source code, AJAX, 175–183 ASP server page, 180–182 HTML page, 178–179 PHP server page, 182–183 Sun Microsystems, 2 switch statements, 32, 38, 50–52 T tab character, 74 tags, <!--, 12 adding, 10–11 <area>, 142 comment, 12 <script>, 11–13, 15 </script>, 11–12 text, 10–11 templates, objects, 154–155 test() method, 118–119 text values, concatenating, 28

254. 252 Index text, writing to Web pages, see also scripts, 9–12 browsers, 12 comment symbol, 12 comment tag, 12 document.write command, 11–12 <script> tag, 11–13, 15 </script> tag, 11–12 tags, 10–11 throw statement, 70–72 catch argument, 71 exceptions, 71 try...catch combination, 70 time, 88 timing events, 144–150 clearTimeout() method, 144, 149–150 setTimeout() method, 144–149 toLowerCase() method, 84–85 toUpperCase() method, 80–81, 84–85 toUTCString() method, 91–92 true parameter, XMLHttpRequest, 168 try...catch statement, 67–70 capitalization, 68 catch blocks, 68 message() function, 68 U undeclared variables, 25–26 unshift() method, 106 userAganet property, 124 universal time, 88-89, 91-92 UTC (universal) time, 88–89, 91–92 V validation, form fields, 65 values arrays, 96–97 first occurrence, 86–87 replacing, 85–86 returning, 61–63 searching, 85 String object, 85–87 variables, 24–25 var statement, 25 variables, 23–26 algebraic, 23 arguments, 49 arithmetic operations, 26 arrays, 95 concatenating, 28 declaring, 25 functions, 59–60, 63 global, 63 lifetime, 63 local, 63 names, 23–24, 49 quotes, 25 redeclaring, 26 types, 96 undeclared, 25–26 values, 24–25 var statement, 25 VBScript, 186, 190, 201 W w3schools.com, 1 while loops, 39, 41–43 white space, 74 X–Z XML example, AJAX, 188–197 XMLHttpRequest object, 3, 159–164 AJAX requests, 167 false parameter, 167–168 methods, 166–167 open(), 166–167 send(), 166–167 properties, 167–169 onreadystatechange, 169 readyState, 168–169 responseText, 167 requesting files, 170 submitting forms, 171 true parameter, 168

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