No it is not possible. Thymeleaf, Velocity, JSP, JSF are all server side rendering, which means that you need re-generate the entire page if you want to change anything.
Also if you don't have JavaScript, the only requests you can make from the browser are form POSTs (multipart, or form-encoded) or GET requests when links are clicked.
It is possible to change a smaller part of the page if you use frames or iframes, but that is in no way recommended (I should not even write about it).
If you are building an app, I don't think there is any way around using JavaScript, but if you choose a good framework like Angular, even a backend developer (like myself) can build smaller async web applications.