Spring Boot @RestControllerAdvice works locally but not on Render deployment

I have a Spring Boot 3 application with a global exception handler that works perfectly when I run it locally, but when I deploy the same code to Render, the exception handling stops working — I only get a generic 500 Internal Server Error response.

Here’s my global exception handler:

@RestControllerAdvice
public class GlobalExceptionHandler {

    @ExceptionHandler(DataConflictException.class)
    public ResponseEntity<Object> handleDataConflict(DataConflictException ex) {
        Map<String, Object> body = new LinkedHashMap<>();
        body.put("timestamp", LocalDateTime.now());
        body.put("status", HttpStatus.CONFLICT.value());
        body.put("error", "Data Conflict");
        body.put("message", ex.getMessage());
        return new ResponseEntity<>(body, HttpStatus.CONFLICT);
    }

    @ExceptionHandler(DataIntegrityViolationException.class)
    public ResponseEntity<Object> handleDataIntegrityViolation(DataIntegrityViolationException ex) {
        Map<String, Object> body = new LinkedHashMap<>();
        body.put("timestamp", LocalDateTime.now());
        body.put("status", HttpStatus.CONFLICT.value());
        body.put("error", "Data Conflict");
        body.put("message", ex.getMostSpecificCause().getMessage());
        return new ResponseEntity<>(body, HttpStatus.CONFLICT);
    }

    @ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
    public ResponseEntity<Object> handleGenericException(Exception ex) {
        Map<String, Object> body = new LinkedHashMap<>();
        body.put("timestamp", LocalDateTime.now());
        body.put("status", HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.value());
        body.put("error", "Internal Error");
        body.put("message", ex.getMessage());
        return new ResponseEntity<>(body, HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
    }
}

When I run the application locally (using IntelliJ), if a duplicate key is inserted into the database (PostgreSQL), I get a proper JSON response like this:

{
  "timestamp": "...",
  "status": 409,
  "error": "Data Conflict",
  "message": "This email has already been registered"
}

However, when I deploy the exact same code to Render, I only get this response instead:

{
  "timestamp": "...",
  "status": 500,
  "error": "Internal Error",
  "message": "could not execute statement [ERROR: duplicate key value violates unique constraint ...]"
}

It looks like my @RestControllerAdvice isn’t being triggered

My project structure is like this:

com.salus.agenda
 ├── SalusApplication.java  (@SpringBootApplication)
 ├── Configuration
 │    ├── SecurityConfiguration.java
 │    └── GlobalExceptionHandler.java
 ├── Controllers
 ├── Services
 └── Repositories

I’ve confirmed that everything works locally.
Is there any reason why the @RestControllerAdvice might not be registered or triggered when running on Render?
Could it be related to Spring profiles, filters (like my JWT filter), or database-level exceptions happening before the controller layer?

Any insights or troubleshooting tips would be appreciated.