Two dot products, using the vector between their centers, tells you which corner is closest.
A positive "Forward" dot indicates a front corner; negative is rear.
A positive "Right" dot indicates a right corner; negative is left.
If the distance between the selected corner and the friendly is less than Range, it is in-range.
Nearest-corner test:

This will detect collisions that aren't caught by the nearest-corner-test:
(Diagramming purple was a mistake since it would have already passed the nearest-corner-test. The calculation will work for all cases, including perpendicular, as shown in white.
For the perpendicular, (Width / 1.0) * 1.0 == Width.)
Re-use the dots from the nearest-corner-test to find the nearest "cardinal" enemy direction (the larger of the two). Calculate the hypotenuse length and, if (DistanceBetweenCenters - HYP) <= Radius, the enemy is within range.

Edited to include theory and attempted to make better use of color:
