Using this answer from another SO post as a guide I was able to change your code and get this to work.
// Bind initial rule;
bindRangeRule(1, 2);
$("input[name='change-range']").on("keyup", function() {
var value = $(this).val();
// add some validation here off course to ensure only numbers are accepted.
// You can do that by checking the event.keyCode values I believe.
// If an invalid value was specified you can throw an alert
// or simply clear the input field and return false. Or similar.
// re-bind range rule
bindRangeRule(1, parseInt(value));
});
function bindRangeRule(from, to) {
var settings = $('form').validate().settings;
delete settings.rules.number;
settings.rules.number = {
required: true,
range: [from, to]
}
};