I understand myself why someone may want something to actually happen when an error occours in the document. The answers above just say that you would use developer tools, but I needed things to actually happen, and after some searching, here's what I found...
If you wish to catch all errors that come through, you can put the following code into your file, best at the top:
window.onerror = function(errorMsg, url, lineNumber){
// any action you want goes here
// errorMsg is the error message itself.
// url should be the file presenting the error, though i have
// found that it only presents to me the address of the site.
// lineNumber is the line number the error occoured on.
// here is an example of what you could do with it:
alert("Error in " + url + " at " + lineNumber + ":\n" + errorMsg);
}
I, myself, like to output the errors to a div that contains them all, though you can do literally anything to this information that you could do with any other string passed to a function.
Here is an example of what may happen if you throw an error with a button using the code above:
Error in your.site.here at 1:
Uncaught ReferenceError: foo is not defined