If you are using Java in your application you are manipulating DBObject ( http://api.mongodb.org/java/2.6/com/mongodb/DBObject.html ) and you can get the KeySet from this and the size will be the number of attributes. (in your case it will be 4 since you have the _id attribute)
But this is PER DOCUMENT, remember that in a collection, each document can have its own "structure", in your case one user could have 4 attributes, another could have 10... and some of them could have sub documents with their own structure. MongoDB does not have any "catalog".
Some system are "sampling" the data to analyze the global structure of the documents and provide a catalog but this is will not be exact.