Get value of input field after button click

If you have a large table and you are going to be doing this a lot, I would suggest using HTML5 data attributes to link the button with the input field:

<tr>
  <td>
    <input id="input-1" type=\"number\" name=\"name1\">
  </td>
  <td>
    <button data-input=\"#input-1\"type=\"button\" class=\"button\">Button</button>
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>

Notice the id attribute on the input matches the data-input attribute on the button. Now you can do something like this:

$('button').on('click', function() {
    var input = $(this).data('input');
    var value = $(input).val();

    // Do something with the value
});

Update

If the relationship is not one-to-one, you would have to modify the structure a bit. You couldn't use the id attribute, since id's must be unique. Instead, you could give each input a data attribute, such as:

<input data-group="1" type=\"number\" name=\"name1\">

And your button would have a corresponding data attribute:

<button data-input=\"1\"type=\"button\" class=\"button\">Button</button>

Then in your click handler, you could do this:

$('button').on('click', function() {
    var input_group = $(this).data('input');
    var inputs = $('input[data-group="' + input_group + '"]');
    var values = [];

    // Read the values into an array
    $.each(inputs, function(i, input) {
        values.push(input.val());
    });

    // Do something with the values...
});