Thanks zaph. Your answer helps me a lot.
As suggested, using RNCryptor on iOS and RNCryptor-cs in .Net I am able to encrypt data from iOS and then decrypt them on .Net.
Here a small example, how I achieve that:
On iOS side:
NSData* data = [@"mySecretMessage" dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
NSError* error;
NSData* encrypted = [RNEncryptor encryptData:data
withSettings:kRNCryptorAES256Settings
password:@"mySecretPassword"
error:&error];
NSString* encryptedDataAsString = [encrypted base64EncodedStringWithOptions:NSDataBase64EncodingEndLineWithCarriageReturn];
//encryptedDataAsString = AwFnpL/jHjAYNkNnfBRUwl0pMwyHnM8uo2dojFk+rC7x9LnaFz+T1KaTjxSXoxF6Q4mzT+yl5RLuKZZuaiDlY5dXBw6TEyEXNJ8CxG9ZDZB3nQ==
On .Net side (using Visual Basic):
Dim decryptor As RNCryptor.Decryptor = New RNCryptor.Decryptor
MessageBox.Show(decryptor.Decrypt("AwFnpL/jHjAYNkNnfBRUwl0pMwyHnM8uo2dojFk+rC7x9LnaFz+T1KaTjxSXoxF6Q4mzT+yl5RLuKZZuaiDlY5dXBw6TEyEXNJ8CxG9ZDZB3nQ==", "mySecretPassword"))
//MessageBox output = mySecretMessage