Short answer: No.
The real question is: why would you want to do that? The golden reference (the design if you want) is the model from which the code is generated, it's a one-way system. If you want to change the design, change the model, re-generate the code. That's how it's designed and intended to work, not the other way round.
You can however integrate C code (functions) into a Simulink model the legacy code tool, but that's a different exercise to what you are asking. You can also call external C code from a Simulink model using a MATLAB Function block and the coder.ceval command, see Integrate C Code Using the MATLAB Function Block in the documentation for more detail.s.