Python sockets error TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str' with send function

Question

I am trying to create a program that will open a port on the local machine and let others connect into it via netcat. My current code is.

s = socket.socket()
host = '127.0.0.1'
port = 12345
s.bind((host, port))

s.listen(5)
while True:
    c, addr = s.accept()
    print('Got connection from', addr)
    c.send('Thank you for connecting')
    c.close()

I am new to Python and sockets. But when I run this code it will allow me to send a netcat connection with the command:

nc 127.0.0.1 12345

But then on my Python script I get the error for the c.send:

TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'

I am basically just trying to open a port, allow netcat to connect and have a full shell on that machine.

No. I can comment out the c.send and it will run. Do you think that string needs to be encoded? — sqlsqlsql
– sqlsqlsql, Commented Mar 5, 2017 at 18:14

wescpy · Accepted Answer · 2020-05-06 01:55:31Z

71

The reason for this error is that in Python 3, strings are Unicode, but when transmitting on the network, the data needs to be bytes instead. So... a couple of suggestions:

Suggest using c.sendall() instead of c.send() to prevent possible issues where you may not have sent the entire msg with one call (see docs).
For literals, add a 'b' for bytes string: c.sendall(b'Thank you for connecting')
For variables, you need to encode Unicode strings to byte strings (see below)

Best solution (should work w/both 2.x & 3.x):

output = 'Thank you for connecting'
c.sendall(output.encode('utf-8'))

Epilogue/background: this isn't an issue in Python 2 because strings are bytes strings already -- your OP code would work perfectly in that environment. Unicode strings were added to Python in releases 1.6 & 2.0 but took a back seat until 3.0 when they became the default string type. Also see this similar question as well as this one.

edited May 6, 2020 at 1:55

answered Mar 5, 2017 at 19:17

wescpy

11.3k3 gold badges58 silver badges57 bronze badges

Sign up to request clarification or add additional context in comments.

1 Comment

sqlsqlsql Over a year ago

Thank you for this. This is very helpful and also answers my question.

phd · Accepted Answer · 2017-07-05 20:14:04Z

14

You can decode it to str with receive.decode('utf_8').

edited Jul 5, 2017 at 20:14

phd

97.2k14 gold badges165 silver badges223 bronze badges

answered Jul 5, 2017 at 16:21

Eren Arıcı

7691 gold badge6 silver badges12 bronze badges

Comments

Felipe Augusto · Accepted Answer · 2019-06-10 16:36:01Z

11

You can change the send line to this:

c.send(b'Thank you for connecting')

The b makes it bytes instead.

edited Jun 10, 2019 at 16:36

Felipe Augusto

8,22413 gold badges43 silver badges75 bronze badges

answered Mar 5, 2017 at 18:28

sjjhsjjh

3331 silver badge8 bronze badges

Comments

OlivierM · Accepted Answer · 2020-05-20 11:19:58Z

0

An alternative solution is to introduce a method to the file instance that would do the explicit conversion.

import types

def _write_str(self, ascii_str):
    self.write(ascii_str.encode('ascii'))

source_file = open("myfile.bin", "wb")
source_file.write_str = types.MethodType(_write_str, source_file)

And then you can use it as source_file.write_str("Hello World").

answered May 20, 2020 at 11:19

OlivierM

3,31226 silver badges47 bronze badges

Collectives™ on Stack Overflow

Python sockets error TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str' with send function

4 Answers 4

1 Comment

Comments

Comments

Comments

Your Answer

Linked

Hot Network Questions

Collectives™ on Stack Overflow

4 Answers 4

1 Comment

Comments

Comments

Comments

Your Answer

Sign up or log in

Post as a guest

Linked

Related