Postgresql crosstab query with multiple "row name" columns

crosstab() expects the following columns from its input query (1st parameter), in this order:

1. a row_name
2. (optional) extra columns
3. a category (matching values in 2nd crosstab parameter)
4. a value

You don't have a row_name. Add a surrogate row_name with the window function dense_rank().

Your question leaves room for interpretation. Let's add sample rows for demonstration:

INSERT INTO facts (eff_date, update_date, symbol_id, data_type_id, source_id)
VALUES
   (now(), now(), 1,  5, 'foo')
 , (now(), now(), 1,  6, 'foo')
 , (now(), now(), 1,  7, 'foo')
 , (now(), now(), 1,  6, 'bar')
 , (now(), now(), 1,  7, 'bar')
 , (now(), now(), 1, 23, 'bar')
 , (now(), now(), 1,  5, 'baz')
 , (now(), now(), 1, 23, 'baz');  -- only two rows for 'baz'

Interpretation #1: first N values

You want to list the first N values of data_type_id (the smallest, if there are more) for each distinct (source_id, symbol_id, eff_date).

For this, you also need a synthetic category, can be synthesized with row_number(). The basic query to produce input to crosstab():

SELECT dense_rank() OVER (ORDER BY eff_date, symbol_id, source_id)::int AS row_name
     , eff_date, symbol_id, source_id                                   -- extra columns
     , row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY eff_date, symbol_id, source_id
                          ORDER BY data_type_id)::int                   AS category
     , data_type_id                                                     AS value  
FROM   facts
ORDER  BY row_name, category;

Crosstab query:

SELECT *
FROM   crosstab(
  'SELECT dense_rank() OVER (ORDER BY eff_date, symbol_id, source_id)::int AS row_name
        , eff_date, symbol_id, source_id                                   -- extra columns
        , row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY eff_date, symbol_id, source_id
                             ORDER BY data_type_id)::int                   AS category
        , data_type_id                                                     AS value  
   FROM   facts
   ORDER  BY row_name, category'
, 'VALUES (1), (2), (3)'
   ) AS (row_name int, eff_date timestamp, symbol_id int, source_id char(3)
       , datatype_1 int, datatype_2 int, datatype_3 int);

Results:

row_name | eff_date       | symbol_id | source_id | datatype_1 | datatype_2 | datatype_3
-------: | :--------------| --------: | :-------- | ---------: | ---------: | ---------:
       1 | 2017-04-10 ... |         1 | bar       |          6 |          7 |         23
       2 | 2017-04-10 ... |         1 | baz       |          5 |         23 |       null
       3 | 2017-04-10 ... |         1 | foo       |          5 |          6 |          7

Interpretation #2: actual values in column names

You want to append actual values of data_type_id to the column names datatypeValue1, ... DatatypeValueN. One ore more of these:

SELECT DISTINCT data_type_id FROM facts ORDER BY 1;

5, 6, 7, 23 in the example. Then actual display values can be just boolean (or the redundant value?). Basic query:

SELECT dense_rank() OVER (ORDER BY eff_date, symbol_id, source_id)::int AS row_name
     , eff_date, symbol_id, source_id                                   -- extra columns
     , data_type_id                                                     AS category
     , TRUE                                                             AS value
FROM   facts
ORDER  BY row_name, category;

Crosstab query:

SELECT *
FROM   crosstab(
  'SELECT dense_rank() OVER (ORDER BY eff_date, symbol_id, source_id)::int AS row_name
        , eff_date, symbol_id, source_id                                   -- extra columns
        , data_type_id                                                     AS category
        , TRUE                                                             AS value
   FROM   facts
   ORDER  BY row_name, category'
, 'VALUES (5), (6), (7), (23)'  -- actual values
   ) AS (row_name int, eff_date timestamp, symbol_id int, source_id char(3)
       , datatype_5 bool, datatype_6 bool, datatype_7 bool, datatype_23 bool);

Result:

eff_date       | symbol_id | source_id | datatype_5 | datatype_6 | datatype_7 | datatype_23
:--------------| --------: | :-------- | :--------- | :--------- | :--------- | :----------
2017-04-10 ... |         1 | bar       | null       | t          | t          | t          
2017-04-10 ... |         1 | baz       | t          | null       | null       | t          
2017-04-10 ... |         1 | foo       | t          | t          | t          | null       

dbfiddle here

Related:

• Crosstab function in Postgres returning a one row output when I expect multiple rows
• Dynamic alternative to pivot with CASE and GROUP BY
• Postgres - Transpose Rows to Columns