After setting above configuration in ConfigureServices method of startup.cs, run your application using command line e.g. dotnet run. Then from browser visit one of your page that causes server-side JS to execute. Then you should see all the normal trace messages appear in console like this-
warn: Microsoft.AspNetCore.NodeServices[0]
Debugger listening on port 9229.
warn: Microsoft.AspNetCore.NodeServices[0]
To start debugging, open the following URL in Chrome:
warn: Microsoft.AspNetCore.NodeServices[0]
chrome-devtools://devtools/bundled/inspector.html?experiments=true&v8only=true&ws=127.0.0.1:9229/xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx
As per instructions in last line, open the URL in Chrome.
By expanding the entry in left hand side under sources tab, you will able to see your original source code (using source maps), and then set breakpoints wherever you want.
When you re-run your app in another browser window, your breakpoints will be hit, then you can debug the server-side execution (similar to client-side).
For more information, refer this link.