You said you wanted to change
=SERIES("SO2 U5",'CEMS_U6_YTD 2018'!$B$2165:$B$2303,'CEMS_U5_YTD 2018'!$D$2165:$D$2312,1)
to this
=SERIES("SO2 U5",'CEMS_U6_YTD 2018'!$C$2165:$C$2303,'CEMS_U5_YTD 2018'!$D$2165:$D$2312,1)
This may be a simple as
ActiveChart.SeriesCollection(1).Formula = _
"=SERIES(""SO2 U5"",'CEMS_U6_YTD 2018'!$C$2165:$C$2303,'CEMS_U5_YTD 2018'!$D$2165:$D$2312,1)"
note doubling of the double quotes around the series name.
However, since you are only changing the X values, you could use this:
ActiveChart.SeriesCollection(1).XValues = "='CEMS_U6_YTD 2018'!$C$2165:$C$2303"
or
ActiveChart.SeriesCollection(1).XValues = Worksheets("CEMS_U6_YTD 2018").Range("$C$2165:$C$2303")
I've written a tutorial about editing series formulas with VBA: Change Series Formula – Improved Routines.