How can I extract data from a website and fill an excel sheet using VBA?

Keeping in line with your code this will output the data for those items in columns M:T. I have a helper function, GetLinks, which generates an array of final urls to used based on the value in column K:

inputArray = GetLinks(inputArray)

This array is looped and xhr requests are issued for the information. All the results information is stored in an array, results, which is written out in one go to the sheet at the end.

I work with array throughout as you don't want to keep reading from the sheet; that is an expensive operation which slows your code. For the same reason, if <> 200 occurs, I print to the immediate window the message and the url so as to not slow the code. You effectively have a log then you can review at the end.

The retrieved results are written out from column M, but as the data is in array, you can easily write out to where ever you want; simply change the start cell for pasting from M4 to which ever top leftmost cell you want. Your existing columns do not have percentages in, so I felt safe to assume you expected the written out data to be in new columns (possibly even in a different sheet).

Option Explicit   
Public Sub GetSoccerStats()
    Dim xmlReq As New MSXML2.XMLHTTP60, response As String
    Dim objDoc As New MSHTML.HTMLDocument, text As String
    Dim lastRow As Long, dataSheet As Worksheet, inputArray(), i As Long

    Set dataSheet = ThisWorkbook.Worksheets("AVG GOAL DATA")

    With dataSheet
        lastRow = .Cells(.Rows.Count, "B").End(xlUp).Row
    End With

    inputArray = dataSheet.Range("J4:L" & lastRow).Value
    inputArray = GetLinks(inputArray)

    Dim results(), r As Long, c As Long
    ReDim results(1 To UBound(inputArray, 1), 1 To 8)

    With xmlReq

        For i = LBound(inputArray, 1) To UBound(inputArray, 1)
            r = r + 1
            .Open "GET", inputArray(i, 4), False
            .send
            If .Status <> 200 Then
                Debug.Print inputArray(i, 4), vbTab, "Error " & .Status & ":  " & .statusText
            Else
                response = .responseText
                objDoc.body.innerHTML = response

                Dim objTable As MSHTML.HTMLTable, objTableRow As MSHTML.HTMLTableRow

                Set objTable = objDoc.getElementsByClassName("table-main leaguestats")(0)

                If Not objTable Is Nothing Then
                    c = 1
                    For Each objTableRow In objTable.Rows
                        text = objTableRow.Cells(0).innerText
                        Select Case text
                        Case "Matches played", "Matches remaining", "Home goals", "Away goals"
                            results(r, c) = objTableRow.Cells(1).innerText
                            results(r, c + 1) = objTableRow.Cells(2).innerText
                            c = c + 2
                        End Select
                    Next objTableRow
                End If
            End If
            Set objTable = Nothing
        Next
    End With
    dataSheet.Range("M4").Resize(UBound(results, 1), UBound(results, 2)) = results
End Sub

Public Function GetLinks(ByRef inputArray As Variant) As Variant
    Dim i As Long
    ReDim Preserve inputArray(1 To UBound(inputArray, 1), 1 To UBound(inputArray, 2) + 1)

    For i = LBound(inputArray, 1) To UBound(inputArray, 1)
        inputArray(i, 4) = IIf(inputArray(i, 1) = "CURRENT", inputArray(i, 2), inputArray(i, 3))
    Next
    GetLinks = inputArray
End Function

Layout of file:

Given large number of requests led to blocking here is IE version:

'VBE > Tools > References:
'1: Microsoft HTML Object library  2: Microsoft Internet Controls
Public Sub GetSoccerStats()
    Dim ie As Object, t As Date
    Dim objDoc As New MSHTML.HTMLDocument, text As String
    Dim lastRow As Long, dataSheet As Worksheet, inputArray(), i As Long

    Const MAX_WAIT_SEC As Long = 10

    Set dataSheet = ThisWorkbook.Worksheets("AVG GOAL DATA")
    Set ie = CreateObject("InternetExplorer.Application")
    With dataSheet
        lastRow = .Cells(.Rows.Count, "B").End(xlUp).Row
    End With

    inputArray = dataSheet.Range("C4:E" & lastRow).Value
    inputArray = GetLinks(inputArray)

    Dim results(), r As Long, c As Long
    ReDim results(1 To UBound(inputArray, 1), 1 To 8)

    With ie
        .Visible = True
        For i = LBound(inputArray, 1) To UBound(inputArray, 1)
            r = r + 1
            .navigate2 inputArray(i, 4)

            While .Busy Or .readyState < 4: DoEvents: Wend

            Dim objTable As MSHTML.HTMLTable, objTableRow As MSHTML.HTMLTableRow
            t = timer
            Do
                DoEvents
                On Error Resume Next
                Set objTable = .document.getElementsByClassName("table-main leaguestats")(0)
                On Error GoTo 0
                If Timer - t > MAX_WAIT_SEC Then Exit Do
            Loop While objTable Is Nothing

            If Not objTable Is Nothing Then
                c = 1
                For Each objTableRow In objTable.Rows
                    text = objTableRow.Cells(0).innerText
                    Select Case text
                    Case "Matches played", "Matches remaining", "Home goals", "Away goals"
                        results(r, c) = objTableRow.Cells(1).innerText
                        results(r, c + 1) = objTableRow.Cells(2).innerText
                        c = c + 2
                    End Select
                Next objTableRow
            End If
            Set objTable = Nothing
        Next
        .Quit
    End With
    dataSheet.Range("F4").Resize(UBound(results, 1), UBound(results, 2)) = results
End Sub