Try:
send_file Rails.public_path.join('uploads', "#{uploaded_file.original_filename}.filtered")
Note also that if you have files within the public directory these can be served directly, so you could redirect to the generated URL for the item (though this may not be very REST-ful).
Edit:
Because of the non-standard '.filtered' file extension, you may need to do something like:
send_file Rails.public_path.join('uploads', "#{uploaded_file.original_filename}.filtered"), :type => 'application/xml', :disposition => 'attachment'
Change the :type value to match the content type of the file being served.