Generate random string where it must have a special character in shell script

When you must have 4 different types of characters in your output, make 4 strings or arrays (for each type 1), use random to select one character out of each string/array and append it like you already did to length 12. And shuf the 12 characters when you don't want to have the limit the possible strings to them having the 4 different types as the first 4 characters.

Something like

printf -v small "%s" {a..z}
printf -v large "%s" {A..Z}
printf -v digit "%s" {0..9}
special='@#$%^&*+=<>?' # Edit: Single quotes, not double quotes

# Debug loop
for s in small large digit special; do
   echo "str=${!s}"
done

get4() {
   for s in small large digit special; do
      echo "${!s}" | sed 's/./&\n/g' | grep . | shuf | head -1
   done| tr -d '\n'
}

passw=$(echo "$(get4)$(cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9$%&%' | fold -w 8 | head -n 1)" |
   sed 's/./&\n/g' | grep . | shuf | tr -d '\n')


echo "${passw}"

After the sed the stream will end with 2 newlines, we only want one. So grep .

One in awk:

awk '{
    for(i=1;i<=length();i++) {                               # read a line, iterate chars
        chr=substr($0,i,1)                                   # get a char
        if(chr~/[a-z]/&&(a<=2||((b>=1)&&(c>=1)&&(d>=1)))) {  # if in char class a-z
            str=str chr                                      # append
            a++                                              # keep count to get 
        }                                                    # ... from each class
        if(chr~/[A-Z]/&&(b<=2||((a>=1)&&(c>=1)&&(d>=1)))) {
            str=str chr
            b++
        }
        if(chr~/[0-9]/&&(c<=2||((a>=1)&&(b>=1)&&(d>=1)))) {
            str=str chr
            c++
        }
        if(chr~/[$%&]/&&(d<=2||((a>=1)&&(b>=1)&&(c>=1)))) {
            str=str chr
            d++
        }
        if(length(str)==12) {
            print str
            exit
        }
    }
}' /dev/urandom

As the character classes are not the same size and only 3 is allowed from each class before all classes are represented, the random is probably biased.

This one gets accepted characters from /dev/urandom (well, it's readind from a file so where ever you point it to), and 'print`s all matches until you ctrl-c it:

awk '{
    for(i=1;i<=length();i++) {
        chr=substr($0,i,1)
        if(chr~/[a-zA-Z0-9$%&]/)
            str=str chr
    }
    if(length(str)<12)
        next
    else
        for(i=1;i<=length(str)-11;i++) {
            sstr=substr(str,i,12)
            if(sstr~/[a-z]/ && sstr~/[A-Z]/ && sstr~/[0-9]/ && sstr~/[$%&]/){
                print substr(str,i,12)
                i+=11
            }
        }
    str=""
}' /dev/urandom

openssl rand -base64 25

Change 25 to any amount of random characters you want to generate.