Where can I get the source code for Linux and not one of its distros? And what languages do I have to learn to understand the system other than C?
2 Answers
Linux 5.13 (latest as of July 2021) source code is located at https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.13.tar.xz. You can download it and extract it with those commands:
wget "https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.13.tar.xz"
tar xvf linux-5.13.tar.xz
Also, Linux has official Github repository at torvalds/linux and official git server is located at https://git.kernel.org/, can be downloaded with git:
git clone "https://github.com/torvalds/linux"
Besides C, you should learn GNU Makefile, a bit of Assembly language, and shell scripting. Github has a Languages section with technologies used in project visualized:

As you can see, it's mostly C.
Comments
Linux (the kernel) can be found at https://www.kernel.org/
Most of it is written in C with some assembly etc