Since this calculation will find the sum of 0.75 * power(0.93, (0.1428 * column_b)) repeated by the number of times in column_b, you could use generate_series to genera the increments to the amount in column_b before summing the result of this calculation eg.
Schema (PostgreSQL v13)
create table sample (
column_a char(1),
column_b int
);
insert into sample values ('a',3), ('b',2);
Using generate_series to generate the possible numbers
select
column_a,
column_b,
array(
select b_val
from generate_series(1,column_b) b_val
) as computed_column
from sample;
| column_a |
column_b |
computed_column |
| a |
3 |
1,2,3 |
| b |
2 |
1,2 |
Finding the sum of the repeated calculation
select
column_a,
column_b,
(
select sum(0.75 * power(0.93, (0.1428 * b_val)))
from generate_series(1,column_b) b_val
) as computed_column
from sample;
| column_a |
column_b |
computed_column |
| a |
3 |
2.203924916826077250 |
| b |
2 |
1.476883153703056500 |
View working demo on DB Fiddle