I need a python method to open and import TIFF images into numpy arrays so I can analyze and modify the pixel data and then save them as TIFFs again. (They are basically light intensity maps in greyscale, representing the respective values per pixel)
I couldn't find any documentation on PIL methods concerning TIFF. I tried to figure it out, but only got "bad mode" or "file type not supported" errors.
What do I need to use here?
First, I downloaded a test TIFF image from this page called a_image.tif. Then I opened with PIL like this:
>>> from PIL import Image
>>> im = Image.open('a_image.tif')
>>> im.show()
This showed the rainbow image. To convert to a numpy array, it's as simple as:
>>> import numpy
>>> imarray = numpy.array(im)
We can see that the size of the image and the shape of the array match up:
>>> imarray.shape
(44, 330)
>>> im.size
(330, 44)
And the array contains uint8 values:
>>> imarray
array([[ 0, 1, 2, ..., 244, 245, 246],
[ 0, 1, 2, ..., 244, 245, 246],
[ 0, 1, 2, ..., 244, 245, 246],
...,
[ 0, 1, 2, ..., 244, 245, 246],
[ 0, 1, 2, ..., 244, 245, 246],
[ 0, 1, 2, ..., 244, 245, 246]], dtype=uint8)
Once you're done modifying the array, you can turn it back into a PIL image like this:
>>> Image.fromarray(imarray)
<Image.Image image mode=L size=330x44 at 0x2786518>
DecompressionBombError: Image size (900815608 pixels) exceeds limit of 178956970 pixels, could be decompression bomb DOS attack.
I use matplotlib for reading TIFF files:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
I = plt.imread(tiff_file)
and I will be of type ndarray.
According to the documentation though it is actually PIL that works behind the scenes when handling TIFFs as matplotlib only reads PNGs natively, but this has been working fine for me.
There's also a plt.imsave function for saving.
ValueError: Only know how to handle extensions: ['png']; with Pillow installed matplotlib can handle more imagesPyLibTiff worked better for me than PIL, which as of April 2023 still doesn't support color images with more than 8 bits per color.
from libtiff import TIFF
tif = TIFF.open('filename.tif') # open tiff file in read mode
# read an image in the current TIFF directory as a numpy array
image = tif.read_image()
# read all images in a TIFF file:
for image in tif.iter_images():
pass
tif = TIFF.open('filename.tif', mode='w')
tif.write_image(image)
You can install PyLibTiff with
pip3 install numpy pylibtiff
The readme of PyLibTiff also mentions the tifffile library but I haven't tried it.
You could also use GDAL to do this. I realize that it is a geospatial toolkit, but nothing requires you to have a cartographic product.
Link to precompiled GDAL binaries for windows (assuming windows here) Link
To access the array:
from osgeo import gdal
dataset = gdal.Open("path/to/dataset.tiff", gdal.GA_ReadOnly)
for x in range(1, dataset.RasterCount + 1):
band = dataset.GetRasterBand(x)
array = band.ReadAsArray()
.astype(sometype) call to the end of the ReadAsArray() call to cast. Not sure if this makes a copy (just have not tested).
xrange is no typo, xrange is the python 2 version of range. I accepted this edit because python 3 is still being actively improved while python 2 is not.
In case of image stacks, I find it easier to use scikit-image to read, and matplotlib to show or save. I have handled 16-bit TIFF image stacks with the following code.
from skimage import io
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# read the image stack
img = io.imread('a_image.tif')
# show the image
plt.imshow(img,cmap='gray')
plt.axis('off')
# save the image
plt.savefig('output.tif', transparent=True, dpi=300, bbox_inches="tight", pad_inches=0.0)
There is a nice package called tifffile which makes working with .tif or .tiff files very easy.
Install package with pip
pip install tifffile
Now, to read .tif/.tiff file in numpy array format:
from tifffile import tifffile
image = tifffile.imread('path/to/your/image')
# type(image) = numpy.ndarray
If you want to save a numpy array as a .tif/.tiff file:
tifffile.imwrite('my_image.tif', my_numpy_data, photometric='rgb')
or
tifffile.imsave('my_image.tif', my_numpy_data)
You can read more about this package here.
pip install tifffile was not sufficient for me. You might need also pip install imagecodecsYou can also use pytiff of which I am the author.
import pytiff
with pytiff.Tiff("filename.tif") as handle:
part = handle[100:200, 200:400]
# multipage tif
with pytiff.Tiff("multipage.tif") as handle:
for page in handle:
part = page[100:200, 200:400]
It's a fairly small module and may not have as many features as other modules, but it supports tiled TIFFs and BigTIFF, so you can read parts of large images.
import cv2
image = cv2.imread(tiff_file.tif)
cv2.imshow('tif image',image)
if you want save tiff encoding with geoTiff. You can use rasterio package
a simple code:
import rasterio
out = np.random.randint(low=10, high=20, size=(360, 720)).astype('float64')
new_dataset = rasterio.open('test.tiff', 'w', driver='GTiff',
height=out.shape[0], width=out.shape[1],
count=1, dtype=str(out.dtype),
)
new_dataset.write(out, 1)
new_dataset.close()
for more detail about numpy 2 GEOTiff .you can click this: https://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/279953/numpy-array-to-gtiff-using-rasterio-without-source-raster
I recommend using the python bindings to OpenImageIO, it's the standard for dealing with various image formats in the vfx world. I've ovten found it more reliable in reading various compression types compared to PIL.
import OpenImageIO as oiio
input = oiio.ImageInput.open ("/path/to/image.tif")
Another method of reading tiff files is using tensorflow api
import tensorflow_io as tfio
image = tf.io.read_file(image_path)
tf_image = tfio.experimental.image.decode_tiff(image)
print(tf_image.shape)
Output:
(512, 512, 4)
tensorflow documentation can be found here
For this module to work, a python package called tensorflow-io has to installed.
Athough I couldn't find a way to look at the output tensor (after converting to nd.array), as the output image had 4 channels. I tried to convert using cv2.cvtcolor() with the flag cv2.COLOR_BGRA2BGR after looking at this post but still wasn't able to view the image.
no answers to this question did not work for me. so i found another way to view tif/tiff files:
import rasterio
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
src = rasterio.open("ch4.tif")
plt.imshow(src.read(1), cmap='gray')
the code above will help you to view the tif files. also check below to be sure:
type(src.read(1)) #see that src.read(1) is a numpy array
src.read(1) #prints the matrix
