Custom foreach implementation in Lua

A new keyword requires either a preproccesor or modifying the language's grammar directly.

An approximation of this syntax can already be easily achieved without leaving the confines of the language by writing an iterator - a function that when provided to the generic for continuously supplies values for the loop variables, until the first value it returns is nil.

(More specifically, you usually write a function that creates (returns) an iterator. pairs and ipairs are examples of this.)

next is a function that when provided a table and a key, returns the next key and its associated value.

You can extend this with metatables and the __call metamethod to shorten the syntax required to construct the iterator (properly constructed classes / objects / prototypes (i.e., OOP) in Lua already rely heavily on metatables).

All this means that the syntax

for value in collection 'filter' do
    print(value)
end

is very achievable.

The full example, with a very basic iterator:

-- This is a live, proxied view into an existing table
local function View(t)
    local methods = {}

    local function match(value, filter)
        return type(value) == 'string' and value:match(filter)
    end

    function methods:filter(filter)
        local key, value

        return function (_)
            repeat
                key, value = next(t, key)
            until value == nil or match(value, filter)

            return value, key
        end
    end

    return setmetatable({}, {
        __index = methods,
        __metatable = false,
        __call = methods.filter
    })
end

local foo = View { 'c', 'a', 'b', 'a', 'c', 'd' }

-- :filter via __call
for value in foo '[ab]' do
    print(value)
end

print('-------')

-- explicitly
for value in foo:filter '[cd]' do
    print(value)
end

print('-------')

-- additional index variable
-- this is the inverse of the more typical `pairs` construct
for value, key in foo '[ad]' do
    print(key)
end

a
b
a
-------
c
c
d
-------
2
4
6