It seems that with the latest angular2 npm package there is no way to debug typescript sources. Existing answer on stackoverflow and the article on medium are outdated. I've created a github issue, please support it.
There are two problems:
1) TypeScript sources are no longer hardcoded as data URI inside source maps, but are actually point to some non-existent location in npm (it's actually a location in angular git hub sources, but is not something inside npm package):
{
"version":3,
"file":"application_ref.js",
"sourceRoot":"",
"sources":["../../../../modules/@angular/core/src/application_ref.ts"] <-------
I've tracked down that this path has no relevence since angular sources are compiled using --inlineSources option and so the *.map files contain the sourcesContent key with original content inside. So this is not a problem anymore. But the second problem remains.
2) Even if I simply copy modules folder from github sources, there is a second problem, which is that js files in npm package are compiled into es6 module syntax, which is not supported yet in browsers and a loader, like SystemJS, requires traceur. For example, common/index.j:
export { NgLocalization, CommonModule, NgClass, NgFor, NgIf, NgPlural, NgPluralCase, NgStyle, NgSwitch, NgSwitchCase, NgSwitchDefault, NgTemplateOutlet, AsyncPipe, DatePipe, I18nPluralPipe, I18nSelectPipe, JsonPipe, LowerCasePipe, CurrencyPipe, DecimalPipe, PercentPipe, SlicePipe, UpperCasePipe, VERSION, Version, PlatformLocation, LocationStrategy, APP_BASE_HREF, HashLocationStrategy, PathLocationStrategy, Location } from './src/common';
But I can't use traceur, since it most likely break existing source maps created for js files transpiled by tsc.

