Snippets defined by extensions are stored in JSON files with the extension's contents. Open the extension's directory in the .vscode/extensions/ directory in your user home directory, and then open its package.json file (extension manifest), look for the "snippets" property, which will point to the paths of its snippet files.
Extensions can also provide snippets dynamically through the VS Code API. See also the SnippetString interface. Snippets can be provided by an extension in multiple ways, including through CompletionItems (suggestions), DocumentDropEdits, InlineCompletionItems, SnippetTextEdits, TextEdits, or TextEditor#insertSnippet. If you want to know about all those, this probably means reading source code for the extension. Some extensions even have a separation between frontend and backend, with closed-source backends (such as the Microsoft C++ extension).
To open user-level snippets, you can just open the snippet file in VS Code (use Snippets: Configure User Snippets in the command palette), and the full path can be obtained by hovering the tab handle, or in the breadcrumbs, or by using File: Copy Path of Active File.
Profiles can also have snippet files. You can find them in the snippets/ directory of the profile's storage (under .../Code/User/profiles, where ... is some platform specific path)
You can also have workspace/project snippets (snippets that only apply for a specific workspace) in the .vscode/ directory of the workspace folder with filenames ending in .code-snippets.
If you want to find out which extension contributes a specific snippet suggestion, then see How can I find out which extension contributes a specific suggestion in VS Code and whether it can be changed by a setting?.
Ctrl spacegives an exhaustive list. I think I should just scroll through that to see if any keyword/shortcuts/prefixes are used already.You can see the available snippets for a language by running the Insert Snippet command in the Command Palette to get a list of the snippets for the language of the current file. However, keep in mind that this list also includes user snippets that you have defined, and any snippets provided by extensions you have installedon that page. The image before this paragraph shows a for built in snippet, and yet that does NOT show up from the command pallette.