Bash exception handling with a stack trace and cleanup code - how to implement?

First, for an excellent introduction to why error handling in Bash is not straightforward at all, I recommend reading this article by Dirk Avery.

Secondly, his final solution can be improved upon by adding a stack trace. Here is what I use and some example code to demonstrate how it works:

#!/bin/bash
set -Eeuo pipefail

trap 'catch' ERR

catch() {
  local exit_code=$?
  local cmd="$BASH_COMMAND"
  local i

  # Check if exit was due to error
  if [ "$exit_code" != "0" ]; then
    echo ""
    echo "[-] ERROR $exit_code during command: $cmd"
    echo "Call stack:"
    for ((i=1; i<${#FUNCNAME[@]}; i++)); do
      local func="${FUNCNAME[$i]}"
      local src="${BASH_SOURCE[$i]}"
      local line="${BASH_LINENO[$((i - 1))]}"

      # Added to track nested function calls from functions
      # Extract the actual line of code (skip if file inaccessible)
      if [[ -r "$src" ]]; then
        local code_line
        code_line=$(sed -n "${line}s/^[[:space:]]*/    /p" "$src")
        echo "  at $src:$line in function $func:"
        echo "$code_line"
      else
        echo "  at $src:$line in function $func (source not readable)"
      fi
    done

    echo "Tip: You can put any exception handling code here"
  fi
}

test_function() {
  cat nonexistent_file
}

test_function

Here is what the output looks like:

user@machine:~$ bash test.sh 
cat: nonexistent_file: No such file or directory

[-] ERROR 1 during command: cat nonexistent_file
Call stack:
  at test.sh:38 in function test_function:
    cat nonexistent_file
  at test.sh:41 in function main:
    test_function
Tip: You can put any exception handling code here

Note: The set -E flag is important because it allows the ERR trap to be inherited by functions.